Millennium Essays - Procedural Programming Languages, Calendars

Millennium Bug If you haven't heard of the year 2000 problem (also known as Y2K or the millennium bug), you soon will. To save space, many computer programs and chips use two digits to designate the year. On 1 January 2000, the year date will be "00", causing some computers to set dates back to 1900, and others to shut down or enter an emergency state. No one really knows for sure what impact the millennium bug will have, but that hasn't stopped people from speculating on the potential for disaster. Scenarios range from the bizarre (telephone calls made over New Year's Eve 1999 being billed as lasting a hundred years) to the horrifying (nuclear-power plants exploding and planes falling out of the sky). In Christian theology, the millennium is the 1,000-year period in which Christ will return and set up his kingdom on earth. Although expectations of the Second Coming in the year 1000 were not fulfilled, a number of religious sects have continued to predict it. Jehovah's Witnesses, for example, saw the First World War as a sign that Christ would soon be with us, and they stated that"millions now living will never die". Whether motivated by religious or secular concerns, many people believe that the coming of the millennium will change our world for better or worse. The rise of the Internet has provided a new medium for the spread of such beliefs, especially those of an apocalyptic nature. The Net is filled with sites warning that Y2K will mean "the end of the world as we know it" (shortened to TEOTWAWKI). Some of the more wild-eyed radicals believe that Y2K is a diabolical invention of the American government. This summer, anti-government militias held a "Prepardness Expo", where they sold survival gear and warned that the millennium bug could be a way for the government to reduce personal freedom. That being the case, the safest place to be, the survivalists say, is in a cabin in the woods, complete with dehydrated food, bottled water, a petrol-powered generator and a wood stove. Others, perhaps more plausibly, feel that the year 2000 problem has been greatly exaggerated by computer-industry consultants who want to make a lot of money fixing it. In Britain, for example, Computing magazine reported that consultants are charging widely varying rates for government-sponsored training programmes aimed at helping small businesses. Identical courses can cost anything from ?130 to ?500 a day and run from the one to ten days. The cost of fixing the problem in the US and Europe alone could be over $850 billion. Certainly, there is no shortage of work for computer programmers and other specialists in information technology. Because US universities and technical schools are not producing enough computer-science graduates to deal with the problem, the number of qualified foreign experts who have been given visas has increased dramatically. Large companies are bringing in programmers from countries like India, China and Russia. Russian programmers, especially, have an advantage in the new market, because they are skilled in older programming languages such as FORTRAN and COBOL; which are most likely to cause problems in the new millennium. COBOL programmers, many of whom retired years ago rather than learn new programming languages, could suddenly find their skills in demand and companies willing to pay them enormous salaries. With the dead line now only a year away, reactions to the Y2K problem vary from panic to denial. There are those who, like astronomers Clifford Stoll, author of the book "Silicon Snake Oil", believe Y2K can be fixed in a long weekend. The panic side seems to be getting more publicity, perhaps because alarmism is more attractive than reason. The Global Millennium Foundation's Internet site, for example, warns of likely shortages of food and water and suggests that concerned parents may want to avoid conceiving a child in 1999 for fear of being unable to feed it. Perhaps the biggest name in year 2000 awareness is Canadian Peter de Jager, who was one of the first to take the problem seriously. In a 1993 article called "Doomsday 2000" for The Computer World magazine, de Jager warned that "our information systems are based on a faulty standard that will cost the worldwide computer community billions of dollars in programming effort. We and our computers were supposed to make life easier; this was our promise. What we have delivered is a catastrophe." In 1996, de Jager, who is a special adviser on Y2K to several governments, appeared before the US House of Representatives to discuss the problem. In his

chile essays

chile essays The country of Chile is located in western South America. The conditions vary with the mountains, deserts, and beaches. Climate The climate is one condition that may vary within different regions. The country extends a long distance from north to south. There is a lack of rainfall to the north. there the air is able to hold much of the moisture. Middle Chile has hot, dry summers and cool, moist winters. The temperatures aren't often extreme. The warmest month, January, averages 63.7 degrees Ferenheit. The coolest months, June and July, Average 53.3 F. More to the south the rain increases, and the length of the summerdry season shortens. Rainfall totals more than 200 inches per year in some places. The land Chile has the longest seacoast in the world. It stretches more than 2,600 miles from north to south. The country is about nine times longer than it is wide. It is only about 227 miles east to west at its widest point. Chile has a small piece of antarctica and some Pacific is! lands including Easter Island. The total area of Chile is 292,258 square miles. About 70% of the land is mountainous because of the mountain chain , the Andes, that runs through it. The countries that border Chile are Peru, Bolivia, and Argentina. The capital and largest city in Chile is Santiago, with a populatoin of 4,421,900 people. The highest elevation is Mount Ojos del Sabado. The lowest is at sea level. Vegetation (Flora) The vegetation also varies with region. In the far north along the coast there is seasonal desert plant life. In the desert interior there is almost no growth though. To the east a bit, on the Andean slopes, are scatterings of cacti and desert shrubs. In central Chile the plant life varies with latitude and altitude. In the lowlands blackberry thickets and scrub vegetation are most common. Along the coast grow species of palm trees. The vegetation gets heavier toward the south. The south was originally covered by tree growth, but much ...