Education Problem in Korea Essay

A mother gets a headache whenever she comes back home after attending mothers’ regular meetings, the purpose of which is to get some information about private instruction. Her children keep her as busy as a professional manager. She surveys popular newly opened institutes called hagwon, makes a group â€Å"for private lessons,† chooses instructors and pushes her children to study. When they are asked about their plans for the declining years of their lives, most are not saving for old age. They feel uneasy because they are not able to save money, so some mothers go to work to earn enough for extra instruction expense. Many husbands and wives argue about their children’s education. However, their children don’t care about their parents’ troubles. The children regard it as the natural role of parents, because they are the kings or queens of the family, served by sacrificing parents from birth. Parents seem to allow their children’s complaining. Children don’t appreciate their parents because they are not happy with their support. Sometimes they act like robots controlled by mother’s orders. They don’t have time to talk with family, to play with their friends or to get sufficient sleep. They always hurry to learn something. As for me, I also have anxiety about my daughter’s private education. There are moments that I want her to push to study a little bit more because I feel worried when I hear how many kinds of extra instruction her friends are taking. But I can calm down my selfish desire by looking at my exhausted daughter. I try to confirm that the most effective result of studying comes from self-studying with strong motivation. Most parents don’t wait until their children ask them to help with their studying. They’re never satisfied. For example, many Korean goose daddies decide to sacrifice their lives by themselves, not by the children’s demands, in spite of the struggle with loneliness after they send their families to a foreign country. These days, many ordinary families without sufficient finances are planning for their children to study abroad despite the huge cost. They probably need to squeeze their budget or even borrow the money. Are their precious sons and daughters going to thank their parents in the future? Will their parents be satisfied with their children later? I wonder how great their outcomes will be. In addition to problems within families, there are many side effects with private education at school, which are usually from the studying burden. They learn the material they need in advance in hagwon before they learn it at school. Many math teachers in middle school become upset while they are teaching theorems or concepts. Some students don’t concentrate on the lesson because they are under a delusion that they already know everything. Actually, they can’t solve even the easy and basic problems when slightly changed. What is the investment of the money and time for private lessons for? Math teachers say the incomplete knowledge spoils the students’ ability to think. In English class, there are several fluent students with native pronunciation gained in English speaking countries. However, sometimes teachers are upset when they are very quiet and never volunteer for the class because they don’t want to be victims of cynical teasing from their friends. The students high-leveled from private education tend to be bored during class. Another big problem is about the students who have a kind of mental disease, some of who are extremely offensive and some who have abiosis without any interest in anything. Their attitude is usually caused by the pressure of studying and of too high expectations compared to their ability. Koreans all know that economic growth is based on educating for the future generation. Korea doesn’t have enough natural resources, so we need to develop knowledge and skills. The government nowadays wants to increase autonomous high schools for competitive system to build up superior talents. But parents are not likely to reduce the private education. We hope the government listens carefully to what the citizens say. For instance, English teachers need small classes according to students’ levels in order to achieve the aim for English-speaking class. Parents and teachers don’t want epoch-making policy, but just one step in the development of education policy. Korean parents need to remember this truth: their investment in children who don’t have self-motivation might waste their money, their time and their energy. I’d like to advise parents to give their children a chance to choose what they want, and to wait until they are eager to study what they need. Also, I suggest they should ignore their neighbor’s private education, not public education.

Gender and Leadership: Literature Review

Gender and Leadership Literature Review 1. Introduction Leadership theories and literature describe what leaders should do and on the other hand literature also exists on what leaders actually do, the former are prescriptive and the latter are descriptive (Bratton et al; 2005). Leadership style is a relatively consistent set of behaviours that characterise a leader (DuBrin; 1995). The main leadership theories encompass the trait, behaviour, contingency, power influence, and gender influence and exchange leadership perspectives. This paper focuses on transformational leadership and thus will detail the theory underpinning transformational leadership vis a vis gender differences in leadership. A brief discussion on Leadership effectiveness as it relates to gender and Leadership styles will also be shown. In a study of gender and leadership styles it is important to highlight the deeper foundations that have a bearing on why men and women may lead differently. One of those causes has been found to be culture; a brief review of this construct and its’ bearing on gender has also been outlined in this section. . 2Gender and Leadership Swanepoel et al (2003) define gender as a â€Å"demographic factor that may influence Human Resources Management in organisations and which can lead to similar problems of discrimination in the workplace†. DuBrin (1995) state that the terms sex and gender arouse controversy both scientifically and politically. He further states that the term gender refers to perception s about the differences among males and females whilst sex differences refer to actual tangible differences such as the fact that the mean height of men is greater than that of women. The terms gender and sex are, however, often used interchangeably. Task and interpersonal styles in leadership research are obviously relevant to gender because of the stereotypes people have about sex differences in these aspects of behaviour (Ashmore, Del Boca, & Wohlers, 1986; Eagly & Steffen, 1984). Men are believed to be more self-assertive and motivated to control their environment (e. g. , more aggressive, independent, self-sufficient, forceful, and dominant). In contrast, women are believed to be more selfless and concerned with others (e. . , more kind, helpful, understanding, warm, sympathetic, and aware of others' feelings). Although democratic versus autocratic style is a different (and narrower) aspect of leader behaviour than task-oriented and interpersonally oriented styles (see Bass, 1981), the democratic- autocratic dimension also relates to gender stereotypes, because one component of these stereotypes is that men are relatively dominant and controlling (i. e. , mor e autocratic and directive than women. Bratton et al (2005) highlight a study conducted by Schein (1975) who extended the gender issue in Leadership further with the results confirming that to both the male and female managers who participated in the study; being a successful manager meant being masculine in terms of stereotypical behaviours (Bratton et al, 2005). Wajcman in Bratton, Grint and Nelson stated, â€Å"Some leadership behaviours are interpreted differently depending on the gender of the leader. For example, a particular action seen as â€Å"firm† when displayed by a man (e. , banging the table top with the hand) might be termed â€Å"hysterical† when displayed by a woman. † (Bratton et al; 189). Women are said to find participative management more natural than men because they feel more comfortable interacting with people and that their natural sensitivity encourages group members to participate in decision- making (Dubrin; 1995). Yet as women move up the corporate ladder, their identifica tion with the male model of corporate success becomes important and may even reject the few feminine traits that they may earlier have endorsed. Bass (1998) in his review of studies other than his own concludes that there is no consistent pattern of male-female differences in leadership styles. Modern theory proposes that women lead differently than men (Bratton et al; 2005). This theory tends to promote the idea that women have the characteristics and skill that are necessary for effective leadership and that these skills and characteristics include a more interactional leadership style, the ability to build consensus, a tendency to empower others, and a greater ability to nurture others (Bratton et al; 2005). Robbins (date) in Swanepoel et al (2003) points out that the similarities between women and men tend to outweigh the differences, and that these differences suggest that men are comfortable with a directive style while female managers prefer a democratic style (Swanepoel et al; 2003). The gender perspective argues that women leaders have an interactive, people centered, participative management style. Women leaders are associated with consensus building and power sharing. Views in favour of the gender perspective advocate for equal opportunities at the work place; full utilization of women to utilize available human resources; acknowledgement of the â€Å"special contribution† women can make the work place due to their leadership style and alternate approaches to situations (Bratton, et al; 2005). Swanepoel et al (2003) state that in general women follow a transformational leadership style, which emphasises followers, consensus, and the use of charisma, personal reference and personal contact to enhance interpersonal relations and to influence followers. Men, however prefer a more direct style where job performance is seen as transactional and they also tend to use formal position, power and authority to control people. To tackle the question of whether men and women have different leadership styles, Eagly and Johnson conducted a 1990 review of leadership studies. Notably, although lab studies viewed women as both interpersonally oriented and democratic and men to be both task-oriented and autocratic, field studies indicated a difference on only one of those dimensions: The omen were found to be more democratic, encouraging participation, and the men were more autocratic, directing performance. http: www. psychologymatters. org/womanboss A 2003 meta-analysis extended those results and indicated that women were slightly more likely than men to have the transformational leadership style. Women also appeared to reward good performance more than men, a very positive part of transactional leadership. Men were more likely to criticize subo rdinates and be less hands-on, styles found to be ineffective. http: www. psychologymatters. rg/womanboss. However, psychologists caution against concluding that women or men have some sort of natural or inherent leadership style. There is a possibility that women, knowing how negatively people respond to â€Å"bossy† women, soften their approach. Additionally, the research shows only averages, or tendencies, for each sex. Some men will have more â€Å"feminine† management styles; some women will have more â€Å"masculine† management styles. (http: www. psychologymatters. org/womanboss) Eagly's advice is to be careful about the power of perception. She says that even though the research found some differences in leadership style, â€Å"the sex differences are small because the leader role itself carries a lot of weight in determining people's behaviour. † She concludes that women are in some senses better leaders than men but suffer the disadvantage of leadership roles having a masculine image, especially in some settings and at higher levels. Stripping organizational leadership of its masculine aura would allow psychologists to get a clearer picture of any true differences between men and women. http: www. psychologymatters. org/womanboss) Eagly and Johnson highlighted the following summaries from their review;† The preponderance of available evidence is that no consistently clear pattern of differences can be discerned in the supervisory style of female as compared to male leaders† (Bass, 198 l, p. 499);†There is as yet no research evidence that makes a case for sex differences in either leadership aptitude or style† (Kanter, 1977a, p. 199); â€Å"In general, comparative research indicates that there are few differences in the leadership styles of female and male designated leaders† (Bartol & Martin, 1986, 19. 278). However Quantitative reviews of this research have established the presence rather than the absence of overall sex differences (Eagly, 1987; Eagly & Wood, in press; Hall, 1984). These differences, although typically not large, tend to be comparable in magnitude to most other findings reported in social psychological research. (http: www. psychologymatters. org/womanboss) 3. 3 Cultural Dimension – the link to gender Several theories have been put forward to account for gender differences including biological differences, differences in early childhood and the fulfilment of culturally prescribed gender role expectations. Thomas and Bendixen (2000) refer to Thomas and Ely (1996) who capture the essence of cultural issues in organisations when they state that employees make choices at work based on their cultural background (Thomas and Bendixen; 2000). It is thus important for organisations to understand these values that employees bring into the workplace (Thomas and Bendixen; 2000). Thomas and Bendexin (2000) also lean on Trompenaars (1993) who identified different levels of culture, noting that national culture is at the highest level whilst organisational culture is at the next level down in the hierarchy of culture. Gender related differences in leadership styles may have a foundation in culture. Schein (1990) defines organisational culture as â€Å"a pattern of basic assumptions, invented, discovered, or developed by a given group as it learns to cope with its problems of external adaptation and internal integration, that has worked well enough to be considered valid and, therefore is to be taught to new members as the correct way to perceive, think and feel in relation to those problems. † (Schein, 1990; 111). He further identifies three levels at which culture manifests itself as observable artefacts, values, and basic underlying assumptions (Schein, 1990). Observable artefacts are things that one sees or feels upon entering an organisation. This includes the dress code, the physical layout, the smell and feel of the place to the more tangible things such as the annual reports and company records (Schein, 1990). â€Å"Through interviews, questionnaires, or survey instruments one can study a culture’s espoused and documented values, norms, ideologies, charters, and philosophies. (Schein, 1990; 112). More direct questioning can reveal the more the underlying assumptions, which â€Å"determine perceptions, thought processes, feelings and behaviour† (Schein, 1990; 112) For Edgar Schein (1985) the transformation that matters is a change in the corporate culture. What do leaders pay attention to, measure, and control sends symbolic signals to the rest of the corporate culture. Ho fstede is a central figure in the development of literature on the cultural construct in leadership (Dickson, Hartog & Mitchelson; 2003). He advances the idea that cultural differences are initially encountered as differences in shared values with values being defined as tendencies to prefer certain states of affairs over others (Dickson et al; 2003). Hofstede (1980,2001) described initially four culture dimensions; individualism-collectivism; masculinity-femininity; uncertainty avoidance; and power distance and a fifth dimension, future orientation was added in later work (Dickson et al; 2003). Power distance is â€Å"the extent to which the less powerful members of institutions and organisations within a country expect and accept that power is distributed unequally†. Hofstede (in Dickson, Harthog & Mitchelson, 2003, pg 737). Uncertainty avoidance is defined as the extent to which the members of a society feel threatened by uncertain or unknown situations (Dickson et al p. 740). Individualism versus collectivism ranges from societies in which the ties between individuals are â€Å"loose† and people are expected to take care of themselves and close family only to societies that are â€Å"tight† where people expect their â€Å"in-group to look after them and they do so in return (Dickson, et al. 2003). Masculinity versus femininity ranges from societies in which social gender roles are clearly distinct to societies in which social gender roles overlap (Dickson, et al. ; 2003). This dimension has a direct bearing on gender issues in that societal roles determine gender roles and these ultimately have a bearing on the leadership style that one practices, In her exploration of African management van der Colff (2003) uses the African tree concept advanced by Mbigi (1996). According to this concept the main stem underpinning all the most important values of African History can be traced through ubuntu, which is the key to all African values and involves collectivism (van der Colff; 2003). â€Å"Traditionally African leadership is built on participation, responsibility and spiritual authority†. (van der Colff; 2003,258). Nussbaum (1996) in van der Colff (2003) is quoted as saying that African leadership requires transparency, accountability and legitimacy. The only way they can be legitimate is to be trustworthy themselves before they can expect trust from employees (van der Colff; 2003). Bass (1997) has argued that transformational leadership is universally applicable. He proposed, that regardless of culture, transformational leaders inspire followers to transcend their own self-interests for the good of the group or organization, followers become motivated to expend greater effort than would would usually be expected. While acknowledging the universality of transformational leadership, Bass recognized that cultural differences will contribute to differences at the individual level of measurement. He stated â€Å"Variation occurs because the same concepts may contain specific thought processes, beliefs, implicit understandings, or behaviors in one culture not another† (p. 132). This raises the question of the universality of gender differences in transformational leadership. Although there have been several studies on gender differences in America, unknown is the extent that these findings are replicated in other cultures. This study will show some findings of transformational leadership with a Zimbabwean sample. 3. 4. Transformational Leadership theory From a broad perspective, leadership styles can be transformational and transactional; a transformational leadership style is one that seeks to influence behaviour through inspirational and motivational means. Transactional leadership styles use contingency factors such as rewards and punishment to influence and affect behaviour (Densten, Gray & Sarros, 2002). The transactional leadership theories emphasise transactions between leaders and their followers. Transactional leaders get things done by giving contingent rewards such as recognition and pay increases. These leaders usually manage by exception to monitor performance and take corrective action to remedy poor performance. They motivate followers by clarifying role and task requirements (Swanepoel; 2003). Transformational leadership was first coined by Burns (1978) and further developed by Bass (1985, 1998) and Yammarino & Bass, (1990) with research accumulating in the area over the past fourteen years. Transformational leadership is defined in terms of four inter-related factors: idealised influence, inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation, and individual consideration. Taken together, these sub-types are believed to represent the most effective attitudes and behaviours a leader can have. (Panopoulos; 1998). The transformational characteristic of idealised influence is based on earlier conceptualisations of charisma (e. g. House, 1977). The charismatic leader is able to inspire respect and higher order motivation in followers. The leader is able to communicate a sense of power and confidence in higher values and beliefs. The charismatic leader possesses a clear set of idealised qualities with which followers might wish to be associated (Panapoulos; 1998). The leader who provides inspirational motivation to followers is likely to speak optimistically about the future, articulating a compelling vision of what must be achieved. He motivates followers by his/her own enthusiasm. The leader is therefore not merely a distant charismatic source of referent power but is also able to directly and effectively translate his/her own enthusiasm to followers (Panapoulos; 1998). The leader must also provide intellectual stimulation to followers. In providing intellectual stimulation, the leader is said to orient ollowers to awareness of problems, to their own thoughts and imagination, and to the recognition of their beliefs and values (Yammarino & Bass, 1990 in Panapoulos; 1998). Furthermore, by providing an intellectually stimulating environment, transformational leaders are able to foster the development of creative solutions to problems, which stand in the way of organisational goal attainment. Panapoulos (1998) states that from a humanistic persp ective, the most outstanding component of transformational leadership is the leader’s individualised consideration of his/her followers. According to Bass and his colleagues (Yammarino, Spangler & Bass, 1993 in Panapoulos; 1998), a leader’s use of individual consideration is a crucial element in followers’ achievement of their full potential through a close consideration of their developmental needs. In providing individual consideration, the leader is not only aware of and sensitive to the current needs of followers, but is also aiming to elevate those needs to a higher level (in combination with the use of the other factors of transformational leadership). This can be done by coaching and mentoring, as well as by setting examples and tasks, which are developmentally consistent with the needs of each individual (Panapoulos; 1998). Gender differences in transformational leadership – A review of past research A number of authors have speculated on possible gender differences in the use of transformational leadership (e. g. , Avolio & Bass, 1988; Bycio, Hackett, & Allen, 1995), however, there has been a notable lack of evidence (Bass & Avolio, 1994). Bass contends there are none. Yet, other studies show that women develop a â€Å"feminine style of leadership,† which is characterized by caring and nurturance, and men adopt a â€Å"masculine style of leadership†, which is dominating and task- oriented (Eagly, Makhijani, & Klonsky, 1992). In a study of 345 metropolitan branch managers Carless (1998) found that: Female managers are more likely than male managers to report that they take an interest in the personal needs of their staff, encourage self-development, use participative decision-making, give feedback and publicly recognize team achievements. In summary, female managers report they use more interpersonal-oriented leadership behaviors compared to male managers (Carless, 1998). The review by Eagly and Johnson was the first systematic and comprehensive analysis of gender differences in leadership. Earlier reviews (e. g. , Bartol & Martin, 1986; Dobbins & Platz, 1986) were based on limited samples and were criticized because they failed to specify the selection criteria for inclusion in the review. Eagly and Johnson's (1990) meta-analysis of gender differences in leadership revealed mixed findings. An analysis of task-oriented style and interpersonal oriented style showed that women and men did not differ on these dimensions in organizational studies. Differences were noted for studies in which the sample did not formally hold a leadership position (experimental and assessment studies). On the other hand, significant gender differences were reported in the use of democratic leadership in organizational, experimental and assessment studies. Women used a more participative and inclusive style of leadership and men were more likely to use a directive, controlling style. Carless, 1998). Studies which have used the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ; Bass, 1985b; Avolio, et al. , 1995) to examine gender differences in leadership style have reported conflicting findings. Bass, Avolio and Atwater (1996) examined gender differences in leader behaviour with three samples. Sample I consisted of 79 female and 150 male upper-level leaders who worked for American hi-tec, Fortune 50 f irms. Subordinate ratings of leadership (N = 877) indicated that female leaders were rated higher on all transformational leader behaviors compared to male leaders. These findings are consistent with an earlier study of leaders in the Roman Catholic church (Druskat, 1994). Sample 2, consisted of first-level supervisors employed by a number of organizations, 38 of the leaders were female and 58 were male. Subordinates (N = 271) observed no gender differences for the subscales of Intellectual Stimulation and Inspirational Motivation, however, females were reported as higher on the subscales of Charisma and Individual Consideration. Sample 2 findings were consistent with an earlier study reported by Bass and Avolio (1994). Generally, in studies that report significant differences between females and males the effect sizes are very small and it is therefore argued that there is no practical differences between female and male leaders (Yammarino, Dubinsky, Comer & Jolson, 1997). In the third sample of 154 female leaders and 131 male leaders who worked for nonprofitable organizations (e. g. health care), subordinates (N = 913) reported no differences in the leader behavior of females and male leaders. Similary, Komives (1991) found no difference between female and male manager self-ratings of transformational leadership, with the exception of Intellectual Stimulation; women managers were found to be significantly higher than their male counterparts(Carless,1998). According to the gender-centred perspective, individual attributes vary according to their gender (Betz & Fitzgerald, 1987; Hennig & Jardin, 1977; Loden, 1985). This approach proposes that, women develop a feminine style of leadership, which is characterized by caring and nurturance, and men adopt a masculine style of leadership, which is dominating and taskoriented (Eagly, Makhijani, & Klonsky, 1992). Similarly, the social-role theory (Eagly, 1987) proposes that individuals behave in accordance with societal expectations about their gender role. Through the socialization process, people learn to conform to cultural expectations about their gender role. The feminine model of leadership includes typical transformational leadership behaviors, for example, participatory decision-making, collaboration and quality interpersonal relationships between leader and subordinate (Eagly, Karau, Miner & Johnson, 1994; Helgesen, 1990; Loden, 1985). Hence, it could be expected that females and males may differ in their use of certain transformational leadership behaviors(Carless,1998). The structural perspective suggests that the organizational role the individual occupies is more important then the gender of the individual (Kanter, 1977). Within organizations clear guidelines exist for the expected performance of managers, hence the major issue for managers is meeting the organization's expectations regarding effective management performance, not conforming to culturally defined gender roles. Assuming female and male managers occupy the same role within an organization and have equivalent access to status and power there is no reason to expect gender differences in leadership styles (Eagly, Karau, & Makhijani, 1995). This suggests that when examining gender differences in leadership behavior it is important to compare women and men who occupy the same position in the organization and are at the same level in the organizational hierarchy. (Carless ,1998). Eagly and her colleagues (Eagly & Johnson, 1990; Eagly, et al. , 1995) suggest that gender differences vary according to the extent of gender congeniality. Gender congeniality is described as the â€Å"fit between gender roles and particular leadership roles† (Eagley, et al. , 1995, p. 29). It reflects an individual's interest in a specific leadership role and appraisal of their competence to perform that role. In some organizations, such as the military, leadership positions are defined in more masculine terms than feminine. Thus, leadership positions in these organizations would be described as congenial to men. In others, such as education and nursing, leadership is defined in more feminine ways and therefore could be described as conge nial to women(Carless, 1998). 3. 5Effective Leadership Since women began to climb the corporate ladder, authorities have asked if they have what it takes to lead groups and organizations. According to the research, while men and women are equally effective in some settings, more often effectiveness depends on the fit between the setting and management gender. For example, women's typically more mentoring, coaching style is more favorably received in female-dominated professions; men's more typically â€Å"command and control† style is well received in male-dominated professions. http: www. sychologymatters. org/womanboss . In essence therefore, all things being equal, men and women are equally effective. But given varied work settings and a workplace whose top managers are still more likely to be male, all things rarely are equal. For example, women are slightly more likely to be â€Å"transformational† leaders, serving as role models, helping employees develop their skills, and motivating them to be dedicated and creative. That approach may actually be more effective in today's less hierarchical organizations. But not all workplaces are alike: The participatory style may backfire in traditional male settings such as the military or organized sports. Conversely, the command-and-control style more typical of men may backfire in a social-service agency or retail outlet. (http:www. psychologymatters. org/womanboss) A 1995 review by Alice Eagly, PhD, Steven Karau, PhD and Mona Makhijani, PhD, of more than 80 different studies found that when aggregated over the organizational and laboratory experimental studies in the sample, male and female leaders were equally effective. The leaders or managers assessed in the studies were typically first-level or first-line supervisors, with a strong minority of studies looking at mid-level managers or managers of mixed or unknown levels. The analysis also showed that women were more effective leaders in female-dominated or female-oriented settings, and that men were more effective leaders in male-dominated or male-oriented settings. Thus working in a leadership role congruent with one's gender gives the perception that one is more effective. (http: www. psychologymatters. org/womanboss) Theories of transformational leadership (e. . , Bass, 1985a; Conger & Kanungo, 1988; Kouzes & Posner, 1987; Sashkin & Burke; 1990; Trice & Beyer, 1986) have focused on identifying a range of leadership behaviors which contribute to effective performance. Although these theories differ in the leadership behaviors they distinguish, there exists a number of common themes. Transformational leaders articulate a vision, use lateral or non traditional thinking, encourage individual development, give regular feedback, use participative decision-making, and promote a cooperative and trusting work environment. http: www. psychologymatters. org/womanboss) Densten, et al. ; (2002) emphasise that successful leaders are able to build a strong corporate culture, are truth-tellers, can see the invisible, that is, spot potential winners or identify trends before their rivals or customers, are fast learners and good communicators. Leaders are expected to anticipate future events before they occur and have a vision to overcome uncertainties. Managers on the other hand are expected to run current operations effectively and efficiently (Bratton, et al. ; 2005). Darling in Swanepoel, Erasmus et al argues â€Å"a real test of successful leadership in management lies in giving, to the greatest extent possible, opportunities to others within the situational context of the firm. One does not have to be brilliant to be a good leader, but you have to understand people- how they feel, what makes them tick, and the most effective ways to influence them. †(Swanepoel, Erasmus, Van Wyk, Schenk; 359) DuBrin (1995) state that in order to be a leader one has to make a difference and to facilitate positive changes. They further state that the common characteristic of effective leaders is their ability to inspire and stimulate others to achieve worthwhile goals (Dubrin; 1995). Drucker (2004) outlines eight practices followed by effective executives. He says that they ask, â€Å"What needs to be done? † and â€Å"What is right for the enterprise†. Effective executives also develop action plans, they take responsibility for decisions and communicating, focus on opportunities rather than problems, run productive meetings and focus on â€Å"we† rather than â€Å"I† (Drucker; 2004). Drucker (2004) further explains that the first two practices gives them the knowledge they need, the next four help to convert this knowledge to effective action and the last two ensure that the whole organization feels responsible and accountable. Researchers are especially interested in the question of whether a management style more associated with women – a less authoritarian, more nurturing approach – will â€Å"click† as the workplace generally shifts to more team-oriented structures that thrive under a less directive approach. 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Karau SJ and Makhijani MG. 1995: Gender and the effectiveness of leaders: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 117, pp. 125-145. Hogg MA. 2001: â€Å"A Social Identity theory of Leadership†, personality and social psychology review, 5, 3, 184-200 Javidan M & House RJ. 2001: Cultural acumen for the global manager: Lessons from project GLOBE. Organisational Dynamics, 29(4), 289-305 Jung DI, Bass BM, & Sosik J J. 1995: Bridging leadership and culture: A theoretical consideration of transformational leadership and collectivistic cultures. Journal of Leadership Studies, 2, 3-18 Panapoulos F. No date: Gender differences in transformational leadership among the field leaders of New South Wales Police students: http:www. aic. gov. au/conferences/policewomen2/Panapoulos Accessed on 2006/06/5 Rosener J. 1990: â€Å"Ways Women Lead† Harvard Business Review 68, pp. 119-125. 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Fear Is Inevitable

Change is inevitable, no one can avoid it, but the way you deal with the change and the emotions that come along with it can alter the outcome of the change, either in a positive of negative way. This comes under the aspect of change, known as fear. We are always fearing change, fearing how and what its going to change our path in life. You will find that inâ€Å"The Book Thief† by Marcus Zusak and â€Å"Rain Man† by Barry Levinson both explore how if we fear change or push it away, it wont get you anywhere the change will always happen. I have also shown my aspect of change through my visual representation. You can have the power to alter the way you percieve change you can fear it, or push it away. But you can also accept the change. If you go with the change, you might even be able to percieve the change in a more positive and accepting way, changing it from a negative situation to a positive situation. For example in my visual representation, there is someone who has been diagnosed with cancer, if they take on a positive outlook and want to help themselves by getting treatment, the outcome is more positive. Acting in a certain way can almost defnately help to change your situation of change into a positive one, just like how in the film rainman Charlie adapts to raymonds need for his t. v programs so he doesnt fight this and buys raymond a portable t. v. Accepting the change is also explored through the book theif, when leisel accepts max the jewish fist fighter into her family, Leisel looking at this change in a positive way lead her down that positve path as she had now formed a loving bond with him, as he has in some respects morphed into a surrogate brother for leisels dead brother. The alternate way you can percieve change is to fear change and fight against it. In my visual representation if you did decide to fight against this cancer and almost tell yourself that it isnt happening,will get you no where, because no matter how you look at the diagnoses you still have canceer and the healthier option would to deifnately go and get treatment. Fearing change is understandable, as it is something that will change who you are and where you are headed as, charlie from rainamn discovers. Charlie fears the change that Raymond might make on his life, as he cannot connect with him due to his disability. Charlie's way of displaying his fear of this is to act out and get frustrated at his brother on many occasions, as he comments â€Å"You know what I think Ray? I think this autisticism is a bunch of shit! Because you can't tell me that you're not in there somewhere! † Acting out, and getting frustrated was soon realised by Charlie that he was scared of facing the reality that this was his brother and he had to accept him for who he is and there for accepting the change and getting over the fear. The main fear displayed in â€Å"The Book Thief†, is central to the character of Max the Jewish fist fighter the Hubbermanns were hiding from the Nazis. They feared that they were going to loose this important person who had just lifted their life. Fearing this change wasn't the best thing that they could have done, if instead they had just gone with this change realising that he would have to leave him at some point would have maximised their time with max. My visual representation illustrates that change can be percieved in two different ways leading you down two completely different paths. If you see the massive change of being diagnosed with cancer in a more accepting light, you will head down the positive path. Although if you see this change as something your stuck with and nothing can help you and you wont let anything of anyone help you, you are pushing this change away and not accepting it. By doing this you are more than definitely not going to help yourself and will head down the negative path. My visual representation explores how just by changing your attitude towards the change, the outcome can vary massivly.

Summary about the article Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Summary about the article - Essay Example The article also points out the need to promote Native American identity through education, cultural activities, tribal practices and tribal enculturation. The researchers have taken special care to ensure validity and reliability in their study through well-designed survey procedure. Out of the 1,265 completed surveys the researchers eliminate all those participants who fail to meet the selection criteria for the study. Therefore, the current study is limited to 945 participants of whom 529 are females and 416 males. The dependant variable of ethnic identity is measured making use of the 12-item Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure (MEIM) whereas participation in cultural activities is assessed through exploratory factor analysis. The associations between participation in cultural activities and ethnic identity are examined through linear regression. The results of the study show how cultural activities play a pivotal role in moulding ethnic identity among Native American youth. Participants who engage in pow-wows, sweat lodge, drum group or roundhouse dance report higher levels of Native American ethnic identity. Similarly urban youth demonstrate greater levels of ethnic identity than reservation youth. Among female participants the researchers find a significant association between having higher grades and Native American identity and the article emphasises the need to â€Å"find ways to sustain strong ethnic identity† among native Americans (Schweigman, Soto, Wright & Unger, 2011, p. 347). However, one needs to take into account the limitations of the study as well. The results of the study cannot be applied to the general Native American population in California as the sample is cross-sectional and not randomly selected to represent either urban or reservation population. Similarly, one can never undermine the possibi lity of biased information as the survey

Ethical considerations on intentional abortions research in United Paper

Ethical considerations on intentional abortions in United States - Research Paper Example   From a human female point of view, the research questions will be framed in a neutral way to avoid biased questions. Neutral questions will attract genuine answers. Moreover, the questionnaire will not require respondents to disclose their identities and this ensures confidentiality of the research. The reason is that women have different views on intentional abortion depending on the society they live in and their personal beliefs. The personal beliefs may be driven by their religious affiliations. For illustration, a Christian point of view towards life is that no one should kill as stipulated in Exodus 20:12. Other women’s view on intentional termination views it as necessary in order to safeguard them from painful experiences that pregnancy sometimes brings along, disruption of education and employment. Other considerations are lack of support from the father and other reasons such as an inability to provide for the existing children. The above reasons are some of the ethical issues that women advance to have an intentional abortion. The moral Question with regard to whether abortion is the only way of family planning intentional abortions then arises. The research will also endeavor to frame questions in a neutral manner to avoid pro-choice and pro-life bias. Prochoice movement holds the view that the woman should be left with the choice of choosing whether to terminate or to retain the pregnancy. Unsafe abortions result in severe consequences such as infertility, injury, infections, and even death.   

Should genitically modified foods be labeled Research Paper

Should genitically modified foods be labeled - Research Paper Example Actually, a lot of food that we eat today contains genetically modified ingredients. Supporters of this technology claim that it benefits humanity because that it ensures and sustains food security around the world as the population increases. Genetic Engineering (GE) or Genetic Modification (GM) of food is an issue that has entered the mainstream media in a lot of countries. It is a fact that a lot of food that we eat today contains genetically modified ingredients and usually without our knowledge. Supporters of this technology maintain that it ensures and sustains food security around the world as the population increases (Caplan). There is no doubt that the science behind genetic engineering is improving. While biotechnology could be the wave of the future and genetically modified foods could really provide alternatives to help increase food production, there is a growing wave of concern from citizens, farmers and scientists who question the way the research is currently being ha ndled by a few large, profit-hungry corporations. That is, as well as scientific debates on the merits of genetically engineered food, there are equally, if not more important, debates on the potential danger on both human beings and the environment (Kass). Much of the concern people have about Genetic Engineering is due to the fact that it is a very young and untested technology and may not be the answer to the food shortage problem just yet. Similarly, crop uniformity, which the biotech firms are promoting, will reduce genetic diversity making them more vulnerable to disease and pests. This furthers the need for pesticides, which are created by the same companies creating and promoting genetically engineered crops. This leads to questions of the motives of corporations and countries who are using the plight of the developing world as a marketing strategy to gain acceptance of GE food as well as dependency upon it via intellectual property rights. That they are against any labeling or other precautionary steps and measures that countries may wish to take is of paramount concern. The reason that genetically engineered food could be dangerous is due to the lack of testing to ensure that extracting genes that perform an apparently useful function as part of that plant or animal is going to have the same effects if inserted into a totally unrelated species. It may be that in the long term, genetically modified food could provide us with benefits and be a safe alternative, but we cannot know that at this time due to the lack of safety testing. The testing that has been done is often to ensure that the crop grows. Yet, there has been less emphasis on testing the effects or testing the wider ecology and the associated impacts of this technology on humans and nature. Even if there has been some testing, the long-term effects to humans, animals and the environment are unknown. The full ramifications of modified genes mixing with unmodified ones are unknown (Caplan). T hus, genetically modified food may benefit us, but we cannot know that at this time because much needed testing has not been done and current studies point to dangers rather than benefits. However, a group of scientists in UK do claim that GE food may be safe, but they mention that the long-term effects are still unknown. Also, it should be noted that a lot of field tests that companies do

MGT599 MoD 2 TD WEEK 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

MGT599 MoD 2 TD WEEK 2 - Essay Example This paper mainly tries to accomplish a brief analysis of the industry of food. However, in order to do so, PEST analysis and Porter’s Five Forces model are used. With the help of these analytical techniques, the recent opportunities and threats are evaluated about the food industry. After analyzing the opportunities and threats, the ways in which, these are effective for the Kraft Food Group is also evaluated within this paper. Moreover, in what ways, the Kraft Food Group might mitigate the risks and threats presented by the political, social or economic factors as well as threat of new entrants are also evaluated, so as to enhance its position and demand in the market among many other rival players. Threat of Entry: the threat of entrance of new players within the industry of food is quite tough due to excess capital requirements. In order to present differentiated products, high technology machineries are required that are generally out of the budget to the new entrants (Enz, 2009). Moreover, if the new entrants fail to offer, high quality products, then the customers may not prefer these products and their market share and profitability may not be increased (Ma, 2014). However, due to presence of these barriers, the rate of new entrance is low and this act as one of the strengths for the Kraft food group that offers a high impact on growing market share of the company. Rivalry: the extent of competitive rivalry among the existing players of food industry is extremely high (Kotler, 2008). However, in order to mitigate such rivalry, most of the existing players such as General Mills and Nestle always try to offer high attention over its research and development department to introduce new products frequently. This might prove effective for the existing players of food industry to amplify its demand and position in the market (Jones & George, 2004). However, because of high attention over research department, both of these organizations

Why Reflective Practice Shall Increase in Importance in the Future Essay

Why Reflective Practice Shall Increase in Importance in the Future - Essay Example Moreover, universal access to health care is particularly important in Australia and in this manner, Medicare levy was established to provide varying benefits for individuals as regards hospital reimbursements, physician’s fees, medications and many more. Another worth noting fact is that health care system in Australia is largely government–run. Privatization of healthcare is said to be an issue gaining much commotion from all sectors of the society especially that private care offers freedom to choose doctors and that it also creates a threat to equity and access in the delivery of healthcare (Parbury, 2000). In connection, other issues compounding nursing practice in Australia include the aging populace which is also evident in other countries. In lieu of this, great fiscal demands are gauged to impact health care system. Moreover, the shortage of potential nurses in rural and remote areas of the country is apparent. If not properly addressed, this may result in further problems for the healthcare sector of the country. Moreover, the surging concern for the poor health of the indigenous people in Australia, such as Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders, increases the pressure for reconciliation between the indigenous people and white settlers of the country. As stressed by Parbury (2000), nursing in Australia is indeed exciting due to the massive opportunities for nurse practitioners. These are an outcome of the recent developments in nursing education and professional practice. Nonetheless, what is deemed to be of utmost concern is related to high attrition rate among the nursing workf orce and the challenge affronted the health care system as regards poor health and increased mortality rate amongst indigenous Australians. From this perspective, the study shall seek understanding and clarification of why reflective and critical thinking shall grow increasingly important in the future. According to past researchers, critical thinking or  reflection can help substantially in providing nurse practitioners with the freedom to introspect oneself as to his or her thoughts and actions (Simpson and Courtney, N.d.).

Distributed database development assignment Essay

Distributed database development assignment - Essay Example The client can access information by directly or indirectly connecting to the database server. For example, if a client connects to a server requests access to information from a database contained on that server a direct connection established. To elaborate further, if the client connects to the Head Quarter database and requests access to the data held in warehouse (inventory ) or retail stores (item, color ) tables, he can do so by a simple query – â€Å" select * from inventory;†. This is a direct query as the object, i.e., the inventory table is not located on the remote database. On the other hand if the client connects to a server and accesses information from a database contained in another server, then an indirect connection is established. For example, if the client connects to one the retail server and accesses information from the database contained in the Brisbane Warehouse server or Melbourne Warehouse server, then an indirect connection is established as the object being accessed is not on the server to which the client is directly connected. A Distributed Database System is not just a mere collection of files that can be stored individually at each node of a computer network. In order to for a proper Distributed Database System, all the relevant files need to be stored in a logical manner, i.e., the files should be logically related, with a proper structure that facilitates easy and convenient access to the databases via a common interface. In a distributed database system, the business information of a company is distributed over a network, hence it is practical and preferable to localize the data in such a way that the information relating to the Brisbane Warehouse is stored in Brisbane and those related to the Melbourne Warehouse will be stored in Melbourne. For example, any query related to the order_id, inventory, item_id, inventory_quantity etc related to a specific location is stroed in each partition at a

Political Studies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Political Studies - Essay Example he significance that such an analysis holds from the American political standpoint is of course a greater and more complete understanding of how different legislative political bodies gain and lose influence over time. Just as with the United States Congress merely 100 years ago, the amount of power it held was highly disproportional to the position it currently occupies. In this way, viewing a small period of time such as the one that has been displayed within the ebb and flow of the power dynamics of the House of Lords helps the researcher to understand the causal mechanisms that seek to exacerbate and/or weaken political structures over time (MacLean 47). Similarly, as in the case that the author relates, the resulting power structures necessitated changes of their own as a means to seek to incorporate this new and differentiated power into the governmental structure that already existed. In this way, the researcher can note that a change was necessitated not only within the House of Lords as a function of how it saw its role within the structure of governance but also with the remainder of the government as it sought to rapidly integrate and differentiate this altered entity into the power structure that currently existed. In this way, it becomes obvious that regardless of the individual gains and losses that key structures make within the political composition of a given nation (to include the United States), the remainder of the actors will necessarily rapidly seek to accommodate such a change and work to carve out a different power structure and dynamic from the changes that have taken place. 2. Your own argument in reference to whether you agree with the author’s conclusion or not, and why. This argument must be backed up by significant content. This means all assertions and statements that are made in your paper need to be backed up by detailed explanations, quotes, and/or statistics. The author begins by laying out a series of reasons for why the

Has the Human Rights Act 1998 had a major impact on the criminal Essay

Has the Human Rights Act 1998 had a major impact on the criminal justice system in England and Wales - Essay Example â€Å"British courts must follow the principles of the Convention, and public bodies, like the police, schools, and hospitals must carry out their work in a way that upholds the Human Rights Act† (Life in the United Kingdom Advisory Group, 2004, p.132). Before the enactment of the Human Rights Act of 1998, many rights existed as privileges, and could be derogated at any time. According to Williams, â€Å"the due process model...appeared to protect the defendant, but not as of right, only to ensure a balance between the power of the State and the defence† (2012, p.45). The United Kingdom’s Human Rights Act 1998 was enacted so as to have significant impact on the criminal justice system in England and Wales (Molan, 2001). Rights listed in the Human Rights Act may sometimes seem new and unusual to English Magistrates and Judges, due to the fact that â€Å"it is regarded as a living instrument capable of adapting to events and society as it progresses and without the necessity of new legislation† (Gibson and Cavadino, 2008, p.151). 1. The right to life. The law protects everyone’s right to life. According to Life in the United Kingdom Advisory Group, â€Å"the state may take away someone’s life in only very limited circumstances, for example when a police officer acts justifiably in self-defence† (2004, p.132). 5. The right to a fair trial. Unless proven guilty, everyone facing criminal charges is presumed innocent. The right to a fair trial and public hearing is guaranteed to everyone in the United Kingdom through the Human Rights Act 1998. 6. Punishment only takes place within the law. Everyone that commits a crime that was not regarded as a crime by the law at the time it was committed, should not be found guilty, and neither should he/she be punished. 7. Right to respect towards everyone’s private and family life. This right includes individual’s homes and correspondences. According to the Life in the

Explain religious teaching about what it means to be a human Essay Example for Free

Explain religious teaching about what it means to be a human Essay Human has a embodied spirit who thinks, act, speaks and desires. Religious teachings say that humans are created in the image of god. They are different from animals because humans have the ability to love, be moral and have free will. Humans life is a gift from god. We must value life. God created us as intelligent beings with the ability to control our actions, urges and emotions. Christian teaches that free will is given by God. By free will, we shape our own lives. Bible says Humans are creation of God. God desired humans to exist. God gave us the ability to reason, speak and to live a moral life. Humans are mixture of earth and divine breath. Bible teaches that we are the incarnation of the divine and part of us is drawn from the earth. Everything created by god is perfect and it was intended. Of all the creatures in Gods creation, Humans are the only ones who enter into a dialouge with God which is by prayer. Most christians believe that humans are distinct from the animal word, and that the most important differences between animals and humans have is soul – a divine spark that sets them apart from other living things. This asserts that Christians do not treat animals as their equals, as only humans were made in the image of God. Christians believe in the sanctity of life, that there is something special and holy about life. Christians believe that humans have a soul which lives on after the body has died, this soul will then be judged and then can join God in heaven. God gave humans dominion over the non-human life, E.g. in Genesis Let them rule over the fish of the sea and the birds of the air suggesting human life has a higher value than non-human life, this shows God has given humans a big responsibility to life which exempliflies the value. God made man in his image many christians believe that God gave them the brains and the abilities to find cures for humans by experimenting on animals and not to use these abilities would be denying Gods plan for them. Some christians say that this gives them the right to use animals in  experiments because humans are of more value. As well in Genesis God said to Adam Rule Over all living creatures suggesting animal testing is acceptable. However, Some christians may be very much against this, as when God created the world, he saw that all that was in was good. Some say this means we should not experiment on animals because they are wonderful part of Gods creation. The earth is the Lords and everything in it, the world, and all who live in it. Human lives are special because it is a gift from God. Human lives distinct from any other creatures and are in higher positions. Humans have sanctity which relates to their dignity, which has both natural dimension, in terms of rational thought and moral decision-making powers. â€Å"Human beings have complete control over their own life and destiny.† (15 marks) How far might a religious believer agree with this statement? Everyone has a purpose of being in this universe because we all have a special position that is created by God. Humans make their own choices and lead on their life. But, God is always there to show people the right path. Only God has control over peoples lives. He decides when we die and when we born. Everything is in Gods hand as religious believer will say God created the world. Gods choices are always right. He is capable of carrying out any project to a successful conclusion without the possibility of fault or failure. Nothing in His universe happens by chance or accident. For every effect there is a cause. God is in control. We have freedom to choose within the constraints of who we are and the circumstances we find ourselves in. Yet while God controls those circumstances but does not control us. While God is able to control us, and if he wanted to he could override our freedom, he chooses not to. The concept of the control of God over everything is called the â€Å"sovereignty† of God. Nothing gives us strength and confidence like an understanding of the sovereignty of God in our lives. God’s sovereignty is defined as His complete and total independent control over every creature, event, and circumstance at every moment in history. Subject to none, influenced by  none, absolutely independent, God does what He pleases. God is in complete control of every molecule in the universe at every moment, and everything that happens is either caused or allowed by Him for His own perfect purposes. Religious believer might say that God is directing your steps down to the smallest details. He can make things happen that you could never make happen on your own. He is for you, on your side, and what He has purposed for your life will come to pass.

The Single World Order | An analysis

The Single World Order | An analysis Albert Schweitzer once said that The first step in the evolution of ethics is a sense of solidarity with other human beings. How do we develop this sense of solidarity? All begins from your own self-awareness. Sometimes as humans, we feel that we have already fulfilled the requirements to be an ethical person. We all have a pretty good idea what are being ethical means, based on our own experiences, values and beliefs. But yet we still struggle with hard ethical questions in our roles that seem to have no simple answer. Generally speaking, ethics refers to the study of right and wrong behaviors. In daily lives we are regularly faced with important questions about what to do. Should I keep my promise or should I just break it? Should I give some of my money to the panhandler or keep it myself? Ethics, as a field of study, goes to find principles and rules for responding such day-to-day questions. How if nationalities are dissolved in favor of global citizenry (i.e. A single world order), would the world be ethically and morally better? The answer could vary, depends on what kind of government that will be built and how citizens respond to this. Advantages and Disadvantages of Single World Order Global citizenry or more known as single world order is a government system where the whole world is sharing the same rules and regulations without any exception. All of the citizens should listen and obey the protocol without any attempt to break the rules and regulations. In this democracy world, people should be given the freedom to express their opinions. Some countries still do not provide the freedom to give free speech. This situation can be referred as unethical situation. Each state would have the respective governments in which they have its own regulations. For some people, they cant really accept the rules that are applied in other countries. What will be the result if the entire countries united and have only one rule alone or well known as single world order? What could happen? If from the beginning when the world first formed, single world order has also been carried on; maybe this world could be ethically and morally better. A single world order would be impressive if it is properly done, but would be terrible if it were not just the right way. Although it may be a good decision, but actually theres some difficulties might be found since there are a lot of ethnic, race, nationality, religion and different culture. Looking at majority opinion and research that has been done by Dave Pederson, it says that a global government can be an evil beast which if loosed can only accomplish unfettered destruction. Given todays technology that is placed in this kind situation of carnage would be nearly impossible to destroy. Since technology would give them, those people with power, a lot of help to control this world. One of the strongest reasons to not have single world government is because dozens of peoples minds have not changed yet. The human races have not fully learned the value of teamwork and collaboration when it comes to an international scale. Everyone will be fighting with one another to get their way and that single world order will be nothing but a price for one nation to rule upon others. We need to have a major worldwide disaster such as World War III, which we expect it wont happen; environmental changes, or the discovery of something new, that we are not alone in this vast universe. Humanity must get this one government, only then we can fully apply all the advantages of a single world order. Somehow, this single world order would be a good idea, but it would have to be carefully made. Having one government in this world is the only way to achieve anything resembling world peace since it would build the feeling of patriotism irrelevant, because theres only one government to be patriotic to. However, the bastions of power that this world has been already way too big. There is one old adage says: There aint no such thing as a free lunch, which means it is impossible to get something for nothing. If such a government were imposed it would most likely mismanage resources due to the structure of the power in general. This world needs people to facilitate trade and communication between one another. However, those people are the ones with power; the message becomes corrupt and no longer reflects the common person. As some research has been done, there is some religion that against this single world order. They even start asking, is the single world order plausible? We all certain if this kind of situation announced in every corner of the world, it will spread very fast. Once its applied, it starts controlling the world just in the blink of an eye. Unless the citizen wake up from their lifeless careers and start thinking about the consequences and intentions of these single world order proponents and their plan there will not be a world to live in where people can be free much longer as before. (Is a One World Government Plausible, 1995) A lot of many different steps are being taken in order to push to a new single world order as stated in Courtnie Campbells article. It would harm us, as citizens; more than help us in the end. It would be very problematic, and it would be no way to controlling. How can the entire world agree on one type of government while we might end up having one leader that can be a dictator? Everything would not get along and it would just end up being a big dictatorship because there would be fights for power and on and on again. The only moral justification for a democracy where it can raise up the world, is that it permits the citizen to elect a good government. If the citizen fails to do that, then democracy misses any moral legitimacy it had. The ordinary fact that an evil or unfair government was democratically elected confers no existence rights on the government. The evil human beings have done in pursuit of their ideals is unrivaled. If you doubt about it, think of the colossal disasters and enormous tragedies caused by twentieth century government planners pursuing the loftiest ideals. (Hocutt, Max., 2010) Ethics in Government Why should we care and pay attention about government ethics? One of the reasons that often stated is the importance of government ethics to participate democratic government. As a democratic nation-state, citizens should actively participate in the democratic process. If citizens came to believe that politicians and governments were generally unethical and did some corruption, they might develop a strong sense of indifference towards the governments. This in turn, may result in people withdrawing, and also step back from the participation. Government ethics can play an important role in confirming this does not happen. By setting out clear and unmistakable rules that public officials must tolerate by, and by occupying persons responsible when those rules are broken, citizens can have confidence in their elected representatives and the political system. Nevertheless, citizens can take some ease in knowing when unethical behavior does and will occur. (Ethics in Government: Concepts, Issues Debates, 2007) Ethical Evaluation of Single World Order If we relate this issue to the 4 ethical evaluations, we can see that a single world is an ethically wrong action or an ethically right action. (Michael Jay, 2009) Kantian Evaluation By looking at the Kantian perspective, those few people that have been thinking about creating a single world order, are treating other people as a means to an end. Why is it so? If the single world order is being used, like what has been mentioned earlier, those people with power will take advantage from those common people that cant even do anything since they have no power to against you. Hence, single world order is wrong. Act Utilitarian Evaluation Violates Act Utilitarian; Action is immoral if there is a net deficit in happiness. Its all about the total happiness that we receive. Lets say that the population of the world is 7,000,000,000 people. The government will also need people to work for them; to control the process of the world that is going on. So they might need around 10% of the population. The 10% of governments people might feel happy because they can work in the government. Where the rest, 90% of the population; might feel unhappy because of the certain reasons that is stated above. The total unhappiness is bigger than the total happiness. Therefore, single world order is ethically wrong. Rule Utilitarian Evaluation The general case is to be likely similar to the specific case in the Act Utilitarian point of view. If a lot people against the single world order, which is a government system, the usefulness of the government will fall for everyone. If no one believes the government anymore, then there is no point of having a government system. Everybody will not obey the rules and the regulations that have been made by the government itself. When all of these consequences are considered, it seems clear that single world order is wrong from a rule utilitarian perspective. Social Contract Theory Evaluation We all have the right to free speech, where people should respect your rights. This social contract theory violates an action that goes against the rules that govern among citizens. The rules are based on the rights and negative rights of the community. People might just spread out their idea about having a single world order, create it with the rules and regulations, ask citizens to follow it. But looking at it the other way, your right to freedom of speech doesnt come with a requirement that anyone has to listen to what youre saying. Thus, a single world order is ethically wrong. (Ethics for the information age, Quinn. M. J., 2011) Conclusion and Recommendation As we can see from all the explanation and the reasons above, we can conclude that if all the nationalities are dissolved in favor of global citizenry (i.e. A single world order), the world wouldnt be ethically and morally better. It might be better if we have our own government in our country, which made its own rules and regulations, since it would not give the citizens cultural shock; if the single world order is really being created. Stephen R. Covey once said, People cant live with change if theres not a changeless core inside them. The key to the ability to change is a changeless sense of who you are, what you are about and what you value. Therefore, there is a way to build an ethically and morally better world, by fulfilling all these 3 steps: create, share and inspire. First of all as a citizen, we need to create an ethical life within ourselves. Is this kind of situation that I created will make people feel unhappy? Is my action bringing disadvantage to people around me? These kinds of questions must have crossed your mind before. After you applied the ethical life into your daily life, you can start sharing it to other people to let them understand, by showing them how ethical life is. Share it to your closest people, i.e. family and friends, by inspiring them. But of course, you need to remain ethical and moral. Try to create something that could indicate that you would bring happiness to the people around you, not disastrous or any disadvantages. If you have managed to inspire the people around you, then you, yourself have been successful in building a better world, which is ethically and morally better. (University of Virginia, 2012) Word Count: 1981 words. Annotated Bibliography Article 1 Journals Citation Hocutt, Max., 2010, Morality: What in the world is it?, Journal of Behavior Philosophy, Vol. 38, p31-48, 18p. Introduction About the morality that a world should have Aims and Scope The journal discussed about the law conception of morality Usefulness If we want to know what sort of thing real morality is, how we are obligated by it, and why we should obey it, we must begin with empirically determinate realities, not religious myths and utopian ideals. Limitations By only focusing on real moralities, we can understand morality exists and imposes obligations on us Conclusions Actually It is comparing existing moralities to each other that we can hope to discover which of them does a better job of performing its proper functions. My reflection Thus, we need to perform the morality start from ourselves, only we try to apply that to the whole world. Article 2 Journals Citation Hellman, Deborah, Judging by Appearances: Professional Ethics, Expressive Government and the Morality of How Things Seem (2001). Maryland Law Review, Vol. 60, p. 653, 2001. Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=383821 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.383821 Introduction In this journal, the authors review that concerns to the societys ambivalence about appearance of impropriety standards for public officials and professionals is important Aims and Scope By widening the range of improper actions by including those that appear improper there may be more ethics-related inquiries and prosecutions which, ironically, may itself erode public confidence in institutions by making it seem that there is far more corruption than was ever thought Usefulness This journal is useful for my research topic because it is explaining the important differences between appearing to do wrong and expressing a constitutionally problematic meaning Limitations The limitation of the journal is the whole idea is too complicated. Conclusions This journal helped us to clarify what is the expressive dimension of state action is. In developing the ideas in this journal, we can see that it is the meaning of what is manifest or displayed that alone is crucial. My reflection Thus, this journal helps me in finding out the difference between appearing to do wrong and expressing a constitutionally Article 3 Journals Citation KIDDER, RUSHWORTH M. (12/2005) Moral Courage, Digital Distrust: Ethics in a Troubled World. Business and Society Review, ISSN 0045-3609, 110 (4), p. 485 505. Introduction The book itself is discussed using real-life stories from business, education, government, sports, and other areas Aims and Scope It is to explain what moral courage is, what it does, and how we can develop it Usefulness It also tells us about ethical behavior in individuals, institutions and nations through research, public discourse and practical action Limitations Because it was discussed using real-life story, some people might not really get what is the meaning behind the story Conclusions This journal offers a step-by-step guide, including checklists, on how to apply moral values to difficult situations, understand the risks (more often career troubles and social ostracism than physical harm) and endure hardships brought on by moral courage itself My reflection So, we as a people must put limits on how much technology we allow in this world. We must be able to be a technologically advanced country that also stays in the lines of the values of others and this journal helps a lot in my research. Article 4 Scholarly Internet sites Citation Dtmms.org (1997) Living a Moral and Ethical Life Elder Wisdom from ThunderStrikes. [Online] Available at: http://www.dtmms.org/readingroom/alignment/living_moral_ethical_life.htm [Accessed: 1 Sep 2012]. Introduction This article defines what constitutes ethics and morality Aims and Scope It is to make the reader understand about how important is living a moral and ethical life Usefulness To have a moral and ethical life, you need to see 5 aspects of the world: mineral world, the plant world, animal world, the human world, and spirit world Limitations Somehow, it has too many real-life examples that is not too straight forward, so it is quite hard for me to understand Conclusions But, as a human, we need to forgive people that did a lot of bad things to you My reflection Thats one way of living a moral and ethical life Article 5 Scholarly Internet sites Citation Mapleleafweb.com (2007) Ethics in Government: Concepts, Issues Debates | Mapleleafweb.com. [Online] Available at: http://www.mapleleafweb.com/features/ethics-government-concepts-issues-debates [Accessed: 9 Sep 2012]. Introduction Government ethics refers to a particular professional code of conduct for those who work in and for government. Government ethics, therefore, involve rules and guidelines about right and wrong behaviors for a host of different groups, including elected leaders, elected representatives, political staff, and public servants. Aims and Scope This article tells us about what is the importance of government ethics. Usefulness It includes the code of conduct and the code of ethics that is being used in government Limitations The limitation of the article is it only talks about the importance point. It doesnt include the advantages and disadvantages Conclusions This article helps us in clarifying what is government ethics and how it should be done My reflection Thus, it helps a lot in my research paper. Article 6 Books e-books Citation Colls, R. (1998), Ethics Man: John Grays New Moral World. The Political Quarterly, 69: 59-71. doi: 10.1111/1467-923X.00137 Introduction Explore the key issues of the day. Dedicated to political and social reform Aims and Scope Addresses current issues through serious and through provoking articles Usefulness Talking about topical issues and underlying trends politics Limitations It limits itself until the political stuff Conclusions Somehow, the new moral world should build start from the politic side where they need to clean out the corruption My reflection This book is useful for me, since politic is always about government. Article 7 Books e-books Citation Encyclopedia of Ethics, 2nd edition, ed. Lawrence Becker and Charlotte Becker (New York: Routledge, 2001), vol. 3, pp. 1706-1708. Introduction The point is especially important for the kind of absolutist ethic that Immanuel Kant defends. Aims and Scope Kant held that moral rules have no exceptions; on his way of thinking, we may never lie, we may never break a promise, and so on. Usefulness This is a clear example of an ethic that seems not to work in practice, for sensible people recognize that in extreme circumstances even very serious rules may have to be broken. Limitations Somehow, Kant said that it works fine on the theory but it doesnt work in practice, where he just taking back his statement about how ethics should work. Conclusions The relation of ethical theory to practice might be like the relation between biology and medicine, where they related and depends on each other. My reflection Thus, I believe that it is easy to tell others what ethics is, how should you done it, but it is very hard when it comes to real-life practice. Article 8 Journals Citation Campbell , C. (2012) A One World Government. Globalization in Todays world, Vol. 1. Introduction The globalization has come a long way over the past century, especially in the past decade. The possibility of a one-world government was formerly viewed as radical and was dismissed without even a second thought. Aims and Scope Multinational corporations are playing a huge role in the formation of the New World Order. These corporations are invested in many countries worldwide. Multinational corporations are simply interested in maximizing corporate profits (Crook). In doing so they have replaced democracies and democratic forms of governments worldwide (Crook). Because multinational corporations are very rich, the use their money as power. In theory, as the corporations increase in power, democracy [will be] replaced, bought, and corporate paid for and [will] no longer exist (Crook). Usefulness It tells you what exactly happened in this real world. Limitations It limits itself only to what happened with the government and the multinational corporation. Conclusions Their overall goals are to persuade the world into a one-world government that will be governed by the Illuminati themselves My reflection It is honestly very scary to know that our future and our country lie in the hands of these multinational corporations. Article 9 Newspaper Citation London-daily.com (2000) Guest Article by Rebecca Sumner for London Daily, the londoners newspaper. [Online] Available at: http://www.london-daily.com/art/ld-rebec.htm [Accessed: 13 Sep 2012]. Introduction This newspaper talks about events in Kosovo. As the events in Kosovo unfolded, few questioned the imperative for war Aims and Scope It is to spread our motive; which is humanitarianism. Usefulness Rebecca Sumner uncovers what we were never told before. Limitations But yet the humanitarian argument is famously flawed Conclusions My reflection So the conclusion is questionable: The facts beg a terrifying question: To whom now, is NATO accountable? Article 10 Books e-books Citation Race and culture : a world view SOWELL, T. (1994). Race and culture: a world view. New York, Basic Books. Introduction This book gives an international to themes from earlier works like Ethnic America and Markets and Minorities Aims and Scope It is argued that major economic and social differences between groups cannot be explained by environment Usefulness The persistence of traits among certain ethnic groups under a wide variety of circumstances, suggesting the weak influence of environment Limitations This book attributes the ethnic groups more to culture than nature Conclusions Decades of bearing down with increasing myopia and intensity of these current issues has generated more heat than light, but there is an alternative: dont rush in for the argumentative kill. Step back to learn. Acquire a wide historical perspective; perceive our current and national issues within the history and geography of the world. With a searching and honest examination of the big picture, many of our current confusions become clearer. Cultural behaviors turn out to develop naturally by people coping with their various conditions, and when we see this, cultural variations are less easily attributable to racial natures and capacities. My reflection Thus, the painful history of racial and ethnic relations is a sobering reminder of the high stakes which make clarity imperative and obscurantism dangerous. Article 11 Scholarly Internet sites Citation Preservearticles.com (2011) Do you think that One World Government is only Solution to the World Problems?. [online] Available at: http://www.preservearticles.com/201105136615/do-you-think-that-one-world-government-is-only-solution-to-the-world-problems.html [Accessed: 14 Sep 2012]. Introduction This article talks about will one world government be the solution to the world problems? Aims and Scope It discusses about the arguments for and arguments against a one world government Usefulness It also tells you about the benefit and disadvantages if one world government is used Limitations But somehow It doesnt tell you exactly whether the one world government would be good for this whole world or not Conclusions Theres always positive and negative points about one thing My reflection Thus, this article tells me that one world government might have its advantages and disadvantages which we dont really know yet since it havent been used. Article 12 Scholarly Internet sites Citation Blogs.darden.virginia.edu (2012) Building an Ethical World: Create, Share, Inspire  « Building an Ethical World. [Online] Available at: http://blogs.darden.virginia.edu/ethicalworld/2012/04/17/building-an-ethical-world-create-share-inspire-7/ [Accessed: 14 Sep 2012]. Introduction This article tells you how to create an ethical world by create, share, and inspire Aims and Scope It is to tell the whole world, what should you do to have a better world Usefulness It also brings a lot of positive attitude Limitations But It doesnt really tell you how do you share and inspire people Conclusions When you want to have a better world, you need to start it from your own self My reflection So, I really think that if we want to work hard on building our own ethical life, we can build an ethical world as well. Start in from my own self. Article 13 Scholarly Internet sites Citation Mtgap.wordpress.com (2010) Morality in the Real World  « Philosophical Multicore. [Online] Available at: http://mtgap.wordpress.com/2010/09/19/morality-in-the-real-world/ [Accessed: 15 Sep 2012]. Introduction The morality in the real world article discussed about what kinds of moral value do and do not exist in the natural world, how we can examine these issues carefully, and how we can (really) make the world a better place. Aims and Scope This article is to reveal their unusual beliefs in the name of utilitarianism Usefulness It tells you the reason behind an action Limitations The limitation of this article is because it is too focused on utilitarianism Conclusions If we are following Utilitarian morality, the actions we take in each of these situations will be very different. It is worth examining these two moralities separately. Strict Utilitarianism is the set of morality in which we assume that every rational being acts according to Utilitarianism; Practical Utilitarianism is that in which we remember all the constraints and imperfections of the real world. My reflection In my opinion itself, the real world is not nearly so simple. 14 Scholarly Internet sites Citation Prospect.org (2010) The Benefits of One-World Government.. [Online] Available at: http://prospect.org/article/benefits-one-world-government [Accessed: 12 Sep 2012]. Introduction Using real-life examples to explain the situation Aims and Scope Tells you what is the benefit of one world government Usefulness You might understand more because of the cases that are used as the examples Limitations No conclusion stated from the article Conclusions But still, Globalization is still the best method to control this world My reflection Viva globalization! Article 15 Scholarly Internet sites Citation Scribd.com (1995) Is a One World Government Plausible. [Online] Available at: http://www.scribd.com/doc/16525366/Is-a-One-World-Government-Plausible [Accessed: 15 Sep 2012]. Introduction Is single world order good for us, as citizen and common people? Aims and Scope This article is made to against single world order Usefulness It tells you a bunch of advantages of a single world order Limitations But too sad, this article has too many history stories which are confusing for people that dont know much about history. Conclusions Actually, the world domination is the goal of all the worlds most corrupt and subversive secret societies. They control the media, education, entertainment, politics, religion, academia, military, corporations, banking, and investment, and the major industries My reflection Therefore, the single world order or one world government is not plausible. Article 16 Books e-books Citation Ethics for the information age QUINN, M. J. (2009). Ethics for the information age. Boston, Pearson Addison Wesley. p.113-115 Introduction That particular page discuss about ethical evaluation of spamming Aims and Scope It is to prove whether spamming is ethically wrong or right Usefulness Somehow you know why is spamming wrong in this perspective Limitations But it doesnt specify the definition of the evaluation. (but it has been stated in another page, which I dont use it as reference) Conclusions Thus, spamming is wrong My reflection This particular page is useful for my research, where I can take the main points here and include it in my research paper. Article 17 Books e-books Citation Ethics for the information age QUINN, M. J. (2011). Ethics for the information age. Boston, Addison-Wesley. p. 95-111 Introduction These particular pages of the books talk about the ethical evaluation, which is almost the same with his previous book that published in 2009. Aims and Scope It tells you about how can you relate this ethical evaluation in your daily life Usefulness It explains using a lot of examples which make you easier to understand. Limitations The limitation is it only covers up the 4 ethical evaluations, where actually there is more than that. Conclusions But somehow, it explains well what is Kantianism, Act Utilitarian, Rule Utilitarian and Social Contract Theory is. My reflection This book helps me a lot in doing my research in the ethical evaluation section Article 18 Books e-books Citation Heresies : against progress and other illusions GRAY, J. (2004). Heresies: against progress and other illusions. London, Granta. Introduction He stated a quote in his introduction: Unlike science, ethics and politics are not activities in which what is learned in one generation can be passed on to an infinite

Price Inflation of the Acai Fruit

Price Inflation of the Acai Fruit Table of Contents (Jump to) 1. Introduction 2. Overview of Acai Market 3. Relevant Economic Model 4. Critical Analysis 5. Conclusion Reference 1. Introduction The Acai is a species of palm tree, its fruit generally known as â€Å"Acai Berry†. It grows mainly in the river side of Amazon of Brazil. The fruit is rich in calories, calcium, vitamin A, C, amino acid, antioxidant and some more important nutrient contents. This exercise will show the economic reason behind the steep price hike and what measures can be taken to combat against this price hike. I will also try to explain the rationale behind the proposed measures. Section two of this exercise will describe the market scenario of Acai fruit in Brazil, section three will contain relevant economic model, section four will depict critical analysis of key arguments and finally a conclusion will be drawn. 2. Overview of Acai Market The Acai fruit mainly grows in the Brazilian area of Amazon River basin. Traditionally the fruit used to cover major portion of diet of indigenous Amazon people. It was traditionally a food item for poor people. Due to its higher nutrient value the fruit has caught significant attention of International consumers. As a result the fruit has become a super food in US and international market in recent days. From a â€Å"giffen† good â€Å"Acai Berry† has now become a â€Å"super food†. The boom of Acai fruit consumption in last three decade created opportunities for new product pathways and transformation industries. Sharp rise of this product price is explained by the theory of demand. Due to Acai berry’s nutrient values, higher demand by Brazilian consumers and international demand Acai price has gone up significantly in past few years. Even after significant price increase demand for Acai berry did not decrease. This is may be the reason of its nutrient value. As the willingness to pay did not decrease; price of this product is continually increasing. Figure-1: Increase in Price due to increase in demand Table-1: Per capita GDP (PPP) of Brazil and the USA Country Value Brazil $ 12,100 USA $ 52,800 Source: The World Fact Book, CIA Acai Roots, a Brazilian company based in California, estimates the size of the US retail market for acai products to range between USD70 million to USD100 million. (Goddard, P. 2010) Acai trees usually produce fruit in three to five years of plantation. Trees produce fruit twice in a year. As Acai can be only produced in a specific climate (climate like river basin of Brazilian Amazon). It has a limited supply against the rising demand. Acai is now also growing in North Queensland of Australia, tropical forest of Malaysia, South Florida, Puerto Rico, and Hawaii. A survey by JD Power and Associates late last year (2013) found that American consumers are Optimism, they simply seek value for their money, Brand conscious, Authenticity-seekers, Purpose-driven, and Mature. Currently Brazil is experiencing a consumer behavior that America experienced post-WWII period of the 1950s and 1960s. Brazilian sales are growing four times faster than the U.S. Retail sales in the emerging market nation are increasing at 7 to 8% a year. At the same time America is only experiencing retail sales growth of about 2%. [Result is summarized from a research report of Boston Consulting Group (BCG)] 3. Relevant Economic Model Increased demand for Acai berry has created economic opportunity for many economic agents. As a result of increased demand Acai cultivation has now become commercial and many big commercial producers has now entered in to the market to raise the supply of Acai berry. Superior technology and cultivation process has been employed to increase the supply of Acai berry. No doubt that supply of Acai has increased in recent past but demand for this product has increased many folds than the supply. As a result supply force failed to bring down the price of Acai. Figure-2: Increase in Price due to greater increase in demand than increase in supply Due to Acai fruit’s global increased demand local producers of Brazil are now under presser of increasing the supply of this fruit. As this fruit requires a specific environment to grow, local producers are not being able to match with the demand of this product. As a result as theory of supply suggests price of Acai fruit has gone up significantly (prototype scenario is portrayed in figure-2). Because of its higher demand producers now can change high price for the product hence higher profit margins for the local producers and others. Theory of completion suggests super normal profit attracts more new entrants into the market. Super normal profit attracted many new producers and some corporations in to Acai production and processing industry. However, as described in figure-2, demand has increase more than the increase in supply. As a result price of Acai is still in climbing stage. But superior technology, better scientific production process can lead to a greater supply of Acai fruit which may create downward pressure on price. As multinational companies are now a player in Acai fruit industry they can exclude the small local producers from the industry. MNCs can do so because they have better supply-chain management, they can enjoy economies of scale hence lower cost of production. 4. Critical Analysis Exclusion of local small producers will have a negative effect on Brazilian economy. Some of the producer may need to switch from Acai production to some other crops. As a result their household income may fall. If their household income falls then the overall level of welfare of the local people will also decrease due to fall in income. On the other hand, engagement of large corporations and MNCs into the Acai production and processing industry may lead to economic development of the local community as well as Brazil overall. This is a paradox. One negative effect has stroked already that is exclusion of local poor indigenous people from the consumption of Acai fruit. Acai fruit used to be a major part of the local indigenous people is past, but increased price of Acai fruit has cut down those local indigenous people as its consumers. To me, this is a great paradox whether exclusion of small local producers of Acai will have negative effect on Brazilian economy or not. If the economic benefit of inclusion of large and multinational corporations in to Acai production suppresses the negative effect only then the welfare state of local small producers will not hamper. The government of Brazil may take some remedial measure to combat against the increase price of Acai and work toward supply enhancement. Some of the suggestions are: To fight against price hike Tariff on Acai fruit export Quota System These trade barrier will lead to less export of Acai from Brazil and local customer can enjoy Acai fruit will lesser price. Usually trade barriers used to protect local producers and local customers. But use of trade barriers to protect local consumers and producers is a negative tool in todays’ free world economy. For increasing supply Brazilian government can come up with few projects which will work for inventing better technology and production process so that the local producers can use superior production and processing system at lower price. These types of projects can lead to increase in Acai fruit supply, which will definitely create downward pressure on Acai fruit rising price. 5. Conclusion Acai fruit is a rainforest fruit that grows in river basin of Brazilian amazon. By the last decade the fruits’ demand has gone significantly producers have failed to generate adequate supply. Price of raw materials has gone up by many folds, suitable lands for growing Acai fruit is now becoming scares, increasing world demand for its nutrient value have led to enormous price hike. As the industry is not perfectly competitive, a super normal profit is exist in the industry. And economies of scale, higher raw materials price have excluded some small local producers from Acai production. Subsequently local indigenous people have lost their major diet which is beyond their reach. Increasing world demand, shortage of supply, and abnormal price hike in last few years, all these are now debatable issues, and prime policy concern. References Brasileiro, A. 2009, ‘Superfood’ Promoted on Oprah’s Site Robs Amazon Poor of Staple†. Retrieved from http://www.bloomberg.com Goddard, P. 2010, Brazil fruit juice production fuels drinks export. International News Services Hepburn, C. 2006, Regulation by prices, quantities of both: a review of instrument choice. Oxford Review of Economic Policy Krugman P. Obstfeld M., 2008, International Economics: Theory and Policy, 8th edition, Pearson International Edition Menezes, E., Deliza, R., Chan, H. L., Guinard, J.-X. (2011). Preferences and attitudes towards aà §aà ­-based products among North American consumers. Food Research International Muniz-Miret, N., Vamos, R., Hiraoka, M., Montagnini, F., Mendelsohn, R. (1996). The economic value of managing the aà §aà ­ palm (Euterpe oleracea Mart.) in the floodplains of the Amazon estuary, Parà ¡, Brazil. Forest Ecology and Management Samuelson A P Nordhaus D Wiiliam, 2010, Economics, 19th edition, McGraw-Hill Word Count: 1295 excluding table, graph and reference