The Impact of E

The Impact of E Abstract Background: Traditional ways of doing business are changing. More efficient ways of doing business are coming up as a result of transformation in communication technologies. Advancement in information technologies has brought about the internet which is an efficient electronic tool of communication. With the internet, there has been the development of e-commerce which has totally transformed business.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Impact of E-Commerce Technologies on Business Practices specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Aims: There are voluminous benefits of e-commerce with some few constraints. This paper looks into e-commerce: the rate at which it has been adopted in business, its benefits and challenges. Method: This paper looked into different aspects of e-commerce especially so in business organizations. Data about e-commerce, its adoption in business and how it is changing business was gathered fro m different sources more so the latest academic journals and books. From the data, findings and conclusions were derived. Results: From all the data and literature collected it was evident that e-commerce is the way to go in business because. E-commerce has revitalized and paced up the rate at which business transactions take place. A few challenges of adopting e-commerce were also identified in the literature. Conclusion: The findings in this research are important and can act as motivators for businesses which have not fully incorporated e-commerce business practices. The conclusion is drawn from literature and highlights the areas of importance. Major points are noted here. Introduction The world has witnessed major development in the communication technology sector. These developments have affected virtually all aspects of the society. The advancement in the communication technology witnessed the advent of the World Wide Web. A lot of developments have further been noted in the World Wide Web. All this can be described as a process or a journey that began in the early years of the 20th century. The web has been structured so that it could capture different needs in business. Traditional business was facing many challenges. One of the main challenges of early commerce is that it entirely depended on the manual transactions. These transactions were slower, inefficient and pegged on physical proximity of business people.Advertising Looking for essay on essay? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In the second half of the 20th century, the development of the internet and the worldwide web gained momentum. It pace of growth accelerated. Though many advanced business firms had already began using the internet or web services in transacting, it is at this time that many businesses began gaining the real sense of e-commerce in business enhancement (Ching and Ellis, 2004). Therefore, many firms began mak ing efforts to connect and export their businesses to the internet and the World Wide Web. Firms began realizing the benefits of the web service. However, this was met with various bottlenecks as it is common with new technologies. The benefits of e-commerce continued to take root in business as a significant number of people were absorbed into using the e-web services or the internet. E-commerce can be defined as a process through which products are bought and sold using the electronic data transmission services. These services are found on the internet and the worldwide web. There is a broad range of e-commerce activities. Among them is an online shopping, online retailing, e-selling and purchasing, e-procurement, e-travelling, online banking electronic payment of online services and online investment (Grandona and Pearson, 2004). As it is today, the use of the internet has spread world over with more than a billion people being active users of the internet. The internet has becom e a lifestyle for most people and even organizations. It would be unreasonable for any person to argue that the web has not revolutionized business as this is too obvious and evident in different business sectors. E-commerce is used in different kinds of business: both products-centered and service-oriented businesses. With the help of e-commerce technologies and services, business firms have been able to form and expand their customer bases. Customers can also easily access business products and services. Therefore, e-commerce has a positive impact in business. This is because it acts to promote business excellence and performance (McIvor, Humphreys and Huang, 2001). This paper thus assesses the level of e-commerce use within businesses and the benefits and setbacks associated with e-commerce implementation and use in business firms. Literature Review E-commerce activities There are different types of e-commerce services most of which aim at accelerating the pace of service deliver y and enhancing efficiency and effectiveness while delivering services. The first e-commerce service is the business-to-consumer (B2C). In such services, organizations seek to use e-technologies to reach their customers or consumers in a more expansive way. We also have business-to-business e-commerce services (B2B). This takes place in the transaction between different firms. B2B services are used in business development as organizations work with others to maximize on business functions. A firm may be working with another supplier organization or the industry from where it gets some of its supplies or where it takes supplies. The working between and among these organizations can be enhanced if the organization opts to adopt B2B services. This will only be effective when both organizations are using e-services.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Impact of E-Commerce Technologies on Business Practices specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Consumer to consumer C2C is another e-service. This mostly happens in internet auctions and classified advertisements. C2C selling is common in a number of countries where buying and selling takes place on auctions sites with auctions being conducted by intermediary firms like e-Bay (Rainer Cegielski, 2011). Business-to-employee (B2E) services are used for enhancing the relationship between the organization and its workforce. The organization uses e-commerce to give information and provide services to the employees. Through E-services, employees are enabled to manage the benefits from the organization. Employees are also allowed to take classes electronically. The access and transacting of the business of the organization becomes easier due to easy access to information and other services. B2E is used in human resource management to improve employee-management relationships in the organization. It improves organizational delivery (Rainer Cegielski, 2011). Lastl y, there is the e-governance, which is the incorporation of e-commerce in public administration. Governments are continuing to adopt e-commerce strategies in public services. This is aimed at making the public service efficient and speeding up public transactions. When the delivery of public services is improved the business environment is greatly improved. The public service is the major determiner of the business atmosphere and environment in any given nation. They give supportive services to both public and private enterprises (Cui, Zhang, Zhang and Huang, 2006). Applying e-commerce in technical firms In the past two decades, there has been a change in the application of e-commerce in business. E-commerce application in firms has been shifting from its earlier focus on technology to focus on technology users. Therefore, e-commerce has become identified in communication and strategies as well as the general business practices. E-commerce helps in the exchange of information and ea ses the execution of business transactions between individuals and enterprises. E-commerce enables firms to adopt electronic communication practices in business processes via the Electronic Data Interchange. E-commerce has found a very soft ground especially in technology intensive industries like the Pharmaceutical industry.Advertising Looking for essay on essay? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Such industries utilize high levels of technology thus e-commerce services will easily blend with the practices in these industries boosting the rate of transactions. For firms in these industries to perform well and sustain their growth, as well as gain competitive advantage over other firms, they must adapt and implement innovative technologies. E-commerce is one of these required technologies as it gives firms in the industry an enhanced mode of transacting. E-commerce has far-reaching positive effects when applied on a business-to-business basis. An example is when different enterprises within the industry converges with the aim of consulting on processes and crafting key decisions on products such as clinical development and test of drugs, marketing and sales, people management and drug innovation among others. E-commerce is synchronized with the corporate strategies of firms which bring significant value in firms and the industry at large. The value created has positive implic ation on both products and processes in the firms (Kanungo, 2004). Factors influencing e-commerce adoption in different regions Zhu Thatcher (2010) observed that the rate of use of e-commerce differs in different regions and different countries of the world because of the varied features inherent in these countries or regions. Different countries have different levels of technological infrastructure, which affect the adoption of e-commerce. Research has ascertained that e-commerce adoption has three main perspectives which determine its application in business. These are environmental, firm and technology perspectives. Under the environmental perspective, there are three main areas of focus. These are the economic, institutional and the social cultural environment. All the three environments have forces which affect e-commerce adoption, implementation and enforcement. On the other hand, the firm perspective has its forces that include the corporate strategy of the firm, managerial attitudes, globalization and external pressures. There is also the technological perspective which entails the macro technology environment and the technical strengths of the firm applying the technology. Further research showed that these perspectives affect different organizations differently. An organization may have a full grasp of one perspective and yet lack the others. This will still hinder the firm in developing e-commerce practices. The three perspectives are interactive thence a lapse or weakness in any end up influencing the entire process of ecommerce adoption (Li Xie, 2012). Studies that were conducted in Singapore in the year 2003 showed that Singapore was well prepared as far as the development and use of e-commerce technologies was concerned. Singapore was noted as having certain and unique features such as efficient telecommunication and transport infrastructure, transparent financial and legal structures, and a very affluent population that has well-articulated m ulticultural links. The population uses the English language as a common language in communication (Li Xie, 2012). The table below is a summary of research which was conducted by different scholars in different times and regions to ascertain factors which influence the adoption of e-commerce. Author and year Scope of analysis Influencing factors RodrÄ ±Ã‚ ´guez-Ardura and Meseguer-Artola (2010) Spain Non-technological external factors Technological external factors Non-technological internal factors Technological internal factors Shih (2008) Taiwan Pressure from customers, suppliers and competitors Kshetri (2007) Developing countries Economic factors Sociopolitical factors Cognitive factors Ho et al. (2007) 17 European countries Internet penetration Telecommunication investment intensity Education level Regional contagion Hong and Zhu (2006) America and Canada Technology innovation Web spending Web functionalities Partner use Molla and Licker (2005) South Africa Per ceived organizational e-readiness Perceived environmental e-readiness Brousseau (2003) France Early adoption of Minitel and EDI Macroeconomic climate Distribution channels Wong (2003) Singapore Demographic structure Physical infrastructure Human resources Financial and legal institutions E-commerce policy initiatives Figure 1.0 factors influencing e-commerce adoption. Source: (Li Xie, 2012). From the data in the table it is noted that different regions and countries are affected by different factors. The level of development is a major boosting factor for e-commerce adoption. Application of e-commerce using appropriate models According to Lee and Kim (2007), the use of e-commerce by business firms is considered to be of a big advantage. It is seen as one way through which business organizations can remain competitive thence relevant in the prevailing business environment. Just like it would be for any venture, there are considerations that have to be adhered to prior to the initiation of e-commerce in business. There are different models, which can be followed in initiating e-commerce by firms. Most of the models of e-commerce application show that e-commerce is beneficial to business organizations. Research has shown that most e-commerce initiatives in the business end up either failing or not achieving full results. Also, these initiatives exploit all the potential due to poor or mal-planning that goes into the initiative. Different models of e-commerce have been developed due to this fact. This could bear enhanced results if they are used by organizations prior to the acquisition and implementation of e-commerce. Most models of e-commerce ignore the planning aspect. Therefore, it will be beneficial if firms in their prior stages of e-commerce adoption focus on e-commerce planning models. These will give a good background for the organization eliminating gaps that are often inherent in the implementation phase (Kao and Decou, 2003). Benefits of e-com merce in supply chain management Firms across the world are being forced to reinvent the relations with their customers and suppliers by way of adding value to the relations at a minimized cost. This is due to the demands of the economy. Therefore, research shows that many firms are adopting integrated global business models which end up further complicating their supply chains (Mora-Monge, 2010). Therefore, companies are embracing information technology to help them in minimizing the impact of the complicated supply chains. They help in optimizing supply chains. Companies use B2B e-commerce transactions as evidenced in recent research (Crespo and Bosque, 2008). E-commerce has a profound effect on supply chain. E-commerce has been found to pace up the rate of performance of many supply chains across different firms. This is evident in the findings of an empirical study by Hong, Tran, and Park (2010) titled â€Å"Electronic commerce applications for supply chain integration and comp etitive capabilities’. This research has its foundation in the resource based view theory. A model was developed by the authors and then tested using a total of 711 sample companies (IMSS IV). These firms were located in 20 different countries across the globe. The results showed the importance of two specific electronic technologies – Internet based communication and technologies and EDI for integrating supplier and consumer functions. The results revealed that supplier and customer chains can be enhanced by using selected forms of information and communication technologies in business (Hong, Tran and Park, 2010). E-commerce is quite beneficial to buyer seller relationships. It speeds up buyer-sellers transactions through what is called comparison shopping. Customers are able to compare prices of a big range of commodities quickly. These commodities are found on sales and advertising sites. Such sites are synonymous with certain industries for instance the automobile, air travel and insurance. E-commerce also cuts down the cost of business and raises competitiveness. The consumers will get to enjoy the services being provides on sites by firms competing. They are likely to get products at reduced prices. For the business firms, they will only undergo the initial cost of establishing internet and other e-commerce enablement tools. One this is established, the firms will experience reduced costs of the transactions that they make (Rob and Coronel, 2009). Benefits of e-procurement Quesada, Gonzalez, Muller and Muller conducted a research in the year 2010 titled Impact of e-procurement on procurement practices and performance. They wanted to establish the correlation between the usage of e- procurement technology, practices and their effect on procurement performance. They used a model which was derived from other researches. The model was tested using 368 procurement specialists as a sample. All the specialists came from the United States. The find ings of this research indicated that procurement practices and e-procurement technology had a positive effect when applied in business firms. The findings also showed that there was a high rate of adoption of e-procurement services in business for a majority of the companies that were surveyed. This suggests that a significant number of companies should buy into the usage of e-procurement technologies. This is a good way of improving the collection of information, contacting suppliers and conducting intelligence and analysis exercises (Quesada, Gonzlez, Mueller and Mueller, 2010). The support for e-commerce E-commerce can be applied in both large firms or even in the Small and Medium Enterprises. SMEs can maximize the potential of their firms when they opt to use e-commerce. E-commerce can lead to the reduction in business coats for small businesses. These costs include the establishment of offices and other operational costs. Notably, the cost incurred in establishing a single stor e is almost similar to that of setting up a fully functional e-commerce web for a small business. However, e-commerce has more benefits when compared to the storefront. E-commerce will help the business to reach a significant number of customers. This is the main aim of any business venture. Once a substantial number of customers are reached, the business will be able to attain increased sales. The new customers will be likely to demand goods and services of the company once they are reached and are able to learn about the products of the company. The firm becomes more open to opportunities for instance up-selling and cross-selling (Thanasankit, 2002). The other aspect which makes e-commerce to be more relevant and important in business is convenience. Online services are always available and can be accessed by the online shoppers at any time. These services can also be accessed from any place by the shoppers. Therefore, business remains active all the time (Rob and Coronel, 2009). Business to business procurement services yields about 5 trillion US dollars each year. This was as at 2000. This is the total figure globally. This has been growing with time. An estimation made by the Boston consulting group showed that, in the US, business conducted transactions worth about $2 trillion in the business-to-business purchase. These transactions were done using the internet. They were transacted as at the end of the year 2003. Business-to-business transactions are increasing with the explosion of internet usage and the growth of e-commerce. While business-to-business transactions have a positive impact on the growth of business, a lot of focus has only been paid to the large firms that are conducting such transactions. Small firms also conduct such transactions but they end up being left out in the overall statistics (Mullane, Peters and Bullington, 2001). Schlenker and Crocker (2003) found out that there are real benefits of applying e-commerce in small businesses. There is a major problem that has prevented the application of e-commerce in small business firms. This is because the staffs of these firms have a notion that e-services are expensive. They are thus reluctant releasing resources which would help in applying such services in the firms. These services have to be supported by the senior staffs that are well aware of the benefits of reducing business costs by way of embracing e-commerce (Caskey and Subirana, 2007). Conclusion Literature has revealed that e-commerce is a quite old phenomenon. However, its comprehensive or wide usage is a recent phenomenon. E-commerce gained prominence from the late 20th century when there was a revolution in the use of the internet and the worldwide web as a result of the revolution in information and communication technologies. E-commerce has gained roots in business especially so from the beginning of the 20th century. E-commerce has become one of the fashions of doing business. Many business firms ha ve either adopted online services or are working on modalities of exporting their businesses to the web and the internet. E-commerce involves either the use of the internet or the worldwide web services by organizations. There are different activities that are related to e-commerce. These include online shopping, online banking, e-selling and purchasing, online retailing, e-procurement, e-travelling, electronic payment of online services and online investment among others. Business and other non-profit motive organizations are adopting e-commerce initiatives at a very high rate. This, as argued by many researchers, is a reflector of the benefits that accrue to e-commerce. The general notion is that e-commerce is turning out to be a very influential tool in enhancing business performance. Even the non-profit organizations are of the view that e-commerce will enhance service delivery in their activities. In this case, performance will be enhanced and is rated basing on how efficient a nd effective they are in delivering services. Literature reveals that there is a difference in the rate at which organizations are adopting e-commerce strategies. Notably, big organizations are the major adaptors of e-commerce. Small and medium enterprises are buying into e-commerce at a very slow rate. This means that there are challenges of acquiring, implementing and enforcing e-commerce especially for SMEs. SMEs often have a low capital on which they operate. Adopting e-commerce needs quite a substantial capital which goes into the installation of internet. However, this is just a fear as research has revealed that the cost of installing online services is affordable. Moreover, the benefits of adopting e-commerce will exceed the cost of installing e-commerce enablers by far. As it is now, more advanced countries are more favored in conducting e-commerce because of advanced technological, legal, organizational and developmental structures. For organizations that are already using e-services, there are a lot of benefits being ripped. These includes improvement delivery of services to customers – supply chain efficiency, increased efficiency in procurement- e-procurement, increased number of customers – online marketing, improved service delivery in banks among many others. However, literature has also revealed that there are major barriers and challenges which come with e-commerce. A good example is a security risk resulting from cyber terrorism, technical problems and policy problems related to adopting e-commerce. However, when proper prior planning is done before adopting e-commerce both small and big organizations will make substantive gains. Therefore, it can be concluded that the adoption of e-commerce is beneficial in many aspects despite a few hitches. In this respect, organizations should be encouraged to adopt e-commerce in order to maximize on their potentials. References Caskey, K. and Subirana, B. (2007). Supporting SME e-commerce migration through blended e-learning, Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, Vol. 14(4), pp.670 – 688. Ching, H.L. and Ellis, P. (2004). â€Å"Marketing in cyberspace: what factors drive e-commerce adoption?† Journal of Marketing Management, Vol. 20 (3), pp. 409-29. Crespo, A.H. and Bosque, I.R. (2008). â€Å"The effect of innovativeness on the adoption of B2C E-commerce: a model based on the theory of planned behavior†, Computers in Human Behavior, Vol. 24(6), pp. 2830-47. Cui, L., Zhang, C., Zhang, C and Huang, L. (2006). â€Å"Exploring e-government impact on Shanghai firms’ informatization process†, Electronic Markets, Vol. 16(4), pp. 312-28. Grandona, E.E. and Pearson, J.M. (2004). â€Å"Electronic commerce adoption: an empirical study of small and medium US businesses†, Information Management, Vol. 42(1), pp. 197-216. Hong, P., Tran, O. and Park, K. (2010). Electronic commerce applications for supply chain integration a nd competitive capabilities: An empirical study, Benchmarking, Vol. 17(4), pp.539 – 560. Kanungo, R. P. (2004). â€Å"E-commerce in the pharmaceutical industry: threshold of innovation†, Management Research News, Vol. 27(8). Kao, D and Decou, J. (2003). A strategy-based model for e-commerce planning, Industrial Management Data Systems, Vol. 103(4), pp.238 – 252. Lee, S. and Kim, K.J. (2007). â€Å"Factors affecting the implementation success of internet-based information systems†, Computers in Human Behavior, Vol. 23(4), pp. 1853-80. Li, P and Xie, W. (2012), A strategic framework for determining e-commerce adoption, Journal of Technology Management in China, Vol. 7(1), pp. 22 – 35. McIvor, R., Humphreys, P. and Huang, G. (2001). Electronic commerce: re-engineering the buyer-supplier interface Measuring Business Excellence, Vol. 5(2), pp 39-44. Mora-Monge, C. A. (2010). The impact of electronic commerce on the supply chain, Benchmarking, Vol. 17(4 ), pp 539-560. Mullane, J. V., Peters, M. H and Bullington, K. E. (2001). Entrepreneurial firms as suppliers in business-to-business e-commerce, Management Decision, Vol. 39(5), pp.388 – 393. Quesada, G., Gonzlez, M. E., Mueller, J and Mueller, R. (2010), Impact of e-procurement on procurement practices and performance, Benchmarking, Vol. 17(4), pp.516 – 538. Rainer, R. K. and Cegielski, C. G. (2011). Introduction to information systems. Hoboken, N.J: J. Wiley Sons. Rob, P. and Coronel, C. (2009). Database systems: Design, implementation, and management. Boston, Mass: Course Technology. Schlenker, L. and Crocker, N. (2003). Building an e-business scenario for small business, Qualitative Market Research: An International Journal, Vol. 6 No.1, pp.7-17. Thanasankit, T. (2002). E-commerce and cultural values. Hershey, Pa: Idea Group Publishing. Zhu, L. and Thatcher, S.M.B. (2010), National information ecology: a new institutional economics perspective on global e-commerce adoption, Journal of Electronic Commerce Research, Vol. 11(1), pp.53-71. Appendix A: Member responsibility matrix This assignment was done by five people namely x1, x2, x3, x4 and x5. All the group members converged and discussed the topic together in order to get a deeper understanding of the topic of research. After a discussion and understanding of the research topic we planned on how we were to conduct the research by assigning each group member a task which was to be completed by the member and presented for discussion and approval by the group. We assigned ourselves tasks basing on the topic which we thought were important for our research. Therefore, the topics were assigned to each member as in the table below: Group member Responsibility X1 Was given the task of collecting information different kinds of e-commerce activities and how they influence business. X2 Was handed the task of finding literature on how e-commerce affects or changes the manner in which business es operate. The member was to focus on a specific industry – pharmaceutical industry. X3 Was bestowed with the task of getting literature on the factors which affect e-commerce in different regions of the world. The member came up with the data based on different researches that were done in different regions. X4 Was to find research based information on at least two different kinds of e-commerce activities – e-marketing and e-procurement. The member was to justify the research and findings in order to ascertain whether such e-commerce activities were beneficial. X5 Was to get general literature on e-commerce both in large organizations and in small and medium enterprises. The member was to focus on the benefits and challenges of e-commerce for each of the business organizations.

ESL Relationship Vocabulary Worksheet

ESL Relationship Vocabulary Worksheet There are all kinds of human relationships and these relationships will play a role in your discussions. This page will help you explore a variety of relationships including romantic relationships, your friends and family, and relationships at work. Start off by learning new vocabulary in groups and then applying that vocabulary in sentences, gap fills and conversation. Learning Vocabulary Discuss with your partner each of the vocabulary words and phrases below. Try to use each vocabulary item in a sentence. Romance - Peoplecasual / steady dateboy/girlfriendsignificant otherhusband / wifelovermistressunrequited lovelove-interestExamples:My date was late for the dance!Feel free to bring along your significant other to the party Romance - Eventsdateone night standflingengagementmarriagebreakupseparationdivorceExamples:Tom and Bettys marriage is inspiring!Unfortunately, the marriage ended in divorce. Romance - Verbshave a crush ondateflirt withgo out withbreak up withlive togethermarry / get marriedExamples:Peter flirted with Maria during the class.Helen went out with Andrea for more than three years. Friends / Enemies - Peoplegood / close / best friendenemycompanionacquaintanceplatonic relationshiprivalnemesisExamples:Were not dating. We have a platonic relationship.My rival in tennis beat me last week. Friends / Enemies - Verbscompete withget along withhit it off withgang up ontrust / distrusthang out withExamples:Peter and Alan hit it off at the meeting last week.I like to hang out with Carl on the weekends. Work - Peoplecoworkercolleaguebusiness partnerbossdirectorcustomerclientmanagementstaffExamples:The director sent a memo out to staff.My coworker got married last weekend. Work - Eventsmeetingpresentationinterviewsales callconventionExamples:Alexander made a presentation at the convention last week.I have a meeting at three oclock this afternoon. Work - Verbsdo business withmeetschedulecontactdelegatecompete withbe responsible forpresentapologize toExamples:James is responsible for sales in California.Lets schedule a meeting next week. Family - Peoplemother / father / brother / sister in-lawuncleauntcousinblood / distant relativesExamples:I dont often see my distant relatives.Her mother-in-law drives her crazy! Family - Eventsweddingreunionget togetherfuneralholidayExamples:Its funny how we only see distant relatives at weddings and funerals.We had a nice family get together last weekend. Family - Verbsget along withrebel againstargue withhave a good relationship withobey / disobeypunishemulatelook up toExamples:She looks up to her father. The children disobeyed their parents and were punished. Vocabulary Worksheet Exercise 1 Use a word or phrase to fill in the gaps. Each word or phrase is used only once. love-interest, blood, nemesis, friendship, love, crush, casual, distant, unrequited love, acquaintance, steady, business partner Love is very different from _______. If youve got a _______ on someone you cant wait to see them. If its just an ________ you can probably wait until tomorrow or the day after. One thing is for sure: Youll probably see your ______ relatives every day! Luckily, you dont need to see your _______ relatives quite as often, though. When it comes to business, youll probably see your _________ daily, but youll stay away from ________ as often as you can. Lets face it: ______ is complicated. Ive heard from a number of people who have experienced _____________, and theyre never the same! There are also all kinds of considerations. For example, if youve had a _______ date, do you want to go out again? Are you tired of your ________ date? Well, maybe its time for a new __________! Exercise 2 Use a verb to fill in the blanks in the sentences. Remember to conjugate the verb depending on the situation, and dont forget your prepositions! My nemesis and I _______________ each other on a daily basis!I can remember the first time I met my wife. We ____________ immediately and life was never the same.Students who __________________ their parents after the age of 30 are ridiculous.I __________________ my father for my whole life. Hes a wonderful example of a kind-hearted person with good judgement.Yesterday, she ________________ her colleague for criticizing her work. She said she was very sorry.Ever since he ____________ Angela, hes been a changed man!Mary ________________ her boyfriend last week. She couldnt stand his complaining anymore.They _____________________ for more than twenty years. They see no reason to get married. Worksheet Answers Exercise 1 friendshipcrushacquaintanceblooddistantbusiness partnernemesisloveunrequited lovecasualsteadylove-interest Exercise 2 compete withhit it offlive withhave looked up toapologized towent out withbroke up withhave lived together

Philedelphia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Philedelphia - Essay Example Popularly known as the Global Exhibition of Arts, the culture associates with the manufacture of mine and soil products. The exhibition is the first most important universal Fair held in the United States, which took place on 10th May 1876 occupying a two hundred and eighty five acre tract of the Fairmount Park thus overlooking the river Schuylkill (Exhibition, 2012). The twenty seven year old German immigrant by the name of Hermann J. Schwarzmann had an opportunity to design the fairgrounds that he did exclusively. The ground hosted thirty seven nations and many industrial exhibitions which occupied over two hundred and fifty pavilions belonging to individuals (Exhibition, 2012). The exhibition attracted almost nine million visitors while the population of the United States was forty six million. The exhibition had a lasting accomplishment as there was the introduction of industrial Universal power in America. The industrial power concealed the potency and production of many industrialized nations. Philadelphia became the central city the industrial and cultural practices in America (Exhibition, 2012). The visitors attending the exhibition loomed the fairgrounds mostly from east by means of either horse-drawn trolley or the railway across the today Gerald Avenue Bridge (Exhibition, 2012). There was a glass and steel dome of the Memorial Hall on the Schuylkill river near the exhibition grounds whose flag- studded the towers of the major building grew as the wooded slope of Fairmount Park. The complete site and size of the structures are breathtaking in their natural setting (Exhibition, 2012). As advised, the visitors arrived from the Railway of Pennsylvania Depot recognized as the Parkside Avenue today. They were to arrive promptly for the opening at 9:00 AM, and they had to pay fifty cents for entrance

Review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 19

Review - Essay Example Music in the world is not the same neither are the musicians who compose the songs. In Java, the fundamental principal is the cyclic recurrence of the temporal in which time get estimates through running simultaneously. Java is the several concurrent cycles running simultaneously and critical days are reckoned as those points of coincidence between the different, continuous periods. The seven day and five-day period are calendrical majorly used in java. Day Five periods is in relation to on the five-day market system while the seven-day cycle is adopted from Islamic and Arabic words for the days of the gamelan cycle. Where these cycles coincide is always an important day. The basic unit of gamelan music is a period marked by gong; the instrument has ten subdivisions that allow them to play in given intervals with varied intensities. The first subdivision and the second subdivision positioned at the instruments played and the active constraints; a dot below the cipher is for the lower octave while the above shows the upper octave. Like the cyclical concept of time, the fundamental duality of this music reflects a dual system of classification in Indonesia that amazes the observer by its consistency and thoroughness. Java consists of many aspects of life that culture does not classify. For instance the mountains that are believed to be the home of Javanese gods while the seas the home of demons, place of death and evil spirits. Java divides the universe into these two main parts. The pitches played on gamelan can be perceived as melody and can be hummed as well as fitted with words. Though its formation gets its ideas from cyclic subdivisions, Jazz was only played on special occasions though it is considered old with its earliest piece being monggang was an award to Javanese by god Shiva (Wallin, Bjon and Steven 27).   The cyclic model of playing music was in use even before 1500AD. With time, the contour

Army Digital Mapping Center Essay Example for Free

Army Digital Mapping Center Essay A Candidate must be either :(a) a citizen of India or, (b) a subject of Nepal, or (c) a subject of Bhutan, or (d) a Tibetan refugee who came to India before 1st January 1962 with the intention of permanently settling in India, or (e) a person of Indian origin who has migrated from Pakistan, Burma, Sri Lanka or East African countries Kenya, Uganda, the United Republic of Tanzania (formerly Tanganiyka and Zanzibar), Zambia, Malavi, Zair Ethiopa and Vietnam, with the intention of permanently settling in India. Provided that a candidate who belongs to categories (b), (c), (d) and (e) above shall be a person in whose favour a certificate for eligibility has been issued by the Govt of India. Note : The application of candidate in whose case a certificate of eligibility is necessary, may be considered in the Deptt, and if recommended for appointment, the candidates may also be provisionally appointed subject to necessary certificate being issued in his favour by the Govt of India. Applications of the Candidates who does NOT fulfill the eligibility criteria will be out right and NO intimation in this regard will be given to the candidates. Minimum Qualification 2. All applicants must fulfill the educational requirements of the post, age and other conditions as stipulated in advertisement. They are advised to satisfy themselves before applying that they possess at least the essential qualification laid down for relevant post. No enquiry for advice regarding eligibility will be entertained. Note – I. The prescribed essential qualifications are minimum and the mere possession of the same does not entitle candidates to be called for written examination. 2 Note – II. Where the number of applications received in response to an advertisement is large and it will not be convenient or possible for the Deptt to call for written test all the candidates, the Deptt at their discretion may restrict the number of candidates, to a reasonable limit based on the marks obtained in the qualifying examination. In case of grading system, the candidate must furnish conversion formula duly approved by the respective Board/Institute. . The candidate should mention all the qualifications and experience in the relevant field over and above the minimum qualifications and should attach attested copies of the certificate in support thereof. Candidates must apply in the application in the format published in this advertisement and fill up all the columns in their own hand in BLOCK letters in the presc ribed format as per Annexure 1. 5. Applications on formats other than the one indicated will be summarily rejected. 6.

Using Computers as Effective Teaching Tools :: Technology Education Educational Papers

Using Computers as Effective Teaching Tools How can I implement technology to improve my effectiveness as a teacher? I know that students, in general, enjoy using computers in the classroom. So how can we, as teachers, take advantage of the computer as a tool to instruct? Computers are used as teaching tools often to teach through the interactive mode. Students enjoy interactive learning because they can apply the learning to the real world. I know that computers have their pitfalls in the classroom. How do I avoid these? I realize that my students will enter with various levels of knowledge and experience for computers. This can be a great challenge for instructors to incorporate into their daily lesson plans. I assume computer based learning is highly effective and should improve test scores. I assume students are more likely to be motivate with computer designed instruction. Students have the opportunity to be creative with computer-assisted learning. I assume the computer has some downfalls to the critical thinking exercises necessary for Science courses. I also assume that computers can hinder critical thinking processes--something mentioned by Todd Oppenheimer’s article, â€Å"The Computer Delusion.† Are there methods to avoid these hindrances? I imagine that there are more effective approaches to using computers as interactive learning tools. How do I get this information? I imagine the Internet has various resources for integrating computer based instruction into the classroom. As a Health Science teacher, I set high standards in the process of challenging my students. Critical thinking by inductive and deductive reasoning, analyzing, synthesizing, and applying information to realia--or real world context--is crucial in preparing students for college and beyond. I imagine that computers can enable my students to display these forms of learning through the utilization of computer based interactive curriculum. The Search Prior to my search, I was curious to why computers were not as effective as the general public assumed, as Oppenheimer had concluded. Dr. Herr, a professor of Education at California State Univerisity, Northridge, and my Methods of Teaching Science instructor, provides his seminars with ample uses for computers in education. This gave me the desire to further pursue the value of computers in the classroom on a larger scale; incorporating views and opinions nationwide. My search for answers came from Internet resources. Using the Google search engine, I decided to inquire information expounding on Oppenheimer’s article, â€Å"The Digital Rights War.† The topic of this article centered on the pros and cons of computers in the classroom.

Computer Drawing

Chapter 1 1. Explain the difference between engineers and technologists. Engineers are problem solvers. They are creative to use technical means to solve problems. They design products, systems, devices, and structures to improve our living conditions. They work with engineers and are concerned with the practical aspects of engineering in planning and production. 2. How can visualizing help an engineer in the design process? Visualization can help an engineer to mentally picture things that do not exist.Besides, engineers with good visualization ability are able to picture things in their minds. Furthermore, good visualization skills allow them to control mental image, allowing them to move around the image, change the form, look inside, and picture the inside of the mental image of the design problem. 3. What are the three main areas or phases of the model-centered design process? Do the activities in these areas happen in a sequential fashion? The three main areas of phases of the model-centered design process are ideation, refinement, and implementation.Windows 7 Check Your UnderstandingModel-centered engineering design is a nonlinear team approach to design that brings together the input, processes, and output elements necessary to produce a product. 4. Explain how PLM is used in the design process. What is its relationship to CIC? Product Life Cycle Management (PLM) is an organizational model that involves all the company’s department, including the engineering design process, in the design and manufacture of a product. In addition to CAD software, specialized software products and technologies are used in conjunction.PLM is used as a basis for creating the accumulated corporate intellectual capital (CIC) of a company or organization. 5. Outline the steps of problem identification in the ideation phase. Problem identification is an ideation process which consisting six elements: Problem statement, Research, Data gathering, Objectives, Limitations, a nd Scheduling. 6. What kinds of graphics are used in the ideation phase? The types of graphics used in ideation phase include charts, graphs, ideation sketches and drawings, design drawings, analysis and concept models, and presentation graphics. 7.What is the designer’s notebook? How is it used? A designer’s notebook is similar to a diary and contains many notes and sketches that are organized to show the path of development for a product and process. A well documented notebook contains notes, calculations, signatures, and dates. Keeping good note can make an accurate document for an original design. 8. Outline the main activities in the refinement phase. Refinement is a repetitive (iterative or cyclical) process used to test a preliminary design. Refinement consists of three main areas: modeling, design analysis, and design visualization. . Describe the different kinds of models used in the design process. Modeling is the process of representing abstract ideas, words , and forms, through the orderly use of simplified text and images. Models are classified as either descriptive or predictive. Descriptive model presents abstract ideas, products, or processes in a recognize form. Descriptive models consisting 3-D CAD or physical scale models used simply to visually represent the design. Predictive models can be mathematical or virtual 3-D CAD models that can be used to analyze the motion or physical properties of the design. 0. Describe the different kinds of analysis techniques used in the design process. Types of analysis techniques used in the design process are Property analysis, Mechanism analysis, Functional analysis, Human factors analysis, Aesthetic analysis, Market analysis, and Financial analysis. 11. Outline the three ways the 3-D model database can be used in the implementation phase. Three ways the 3-D model database can be used in the implementation phase are production, marketing and service & documentation.Production is 3-D CAD mode ls which are used to run machine tools and make parts and layout the factory floor. Marketing is 3-D CAD models are used for illustrations, presentation graphics, and advertising. Service & Documentation is 3-D CAD models are used for service manuals, training, and assembly instructions. 12. What kinds of documentation might be produced as part of the design process? Design process documentation 2-D engineering drawings, 3-D design models, presentation drawings and illustrations. 13. Explain the role of PDM in the design process.What is the relationship of ERP to PDM? Product Data Management (PDM) is the name given to specific computer-based tools and used to track CAD or office documents with user-defined data fields, such as revisions, authors, date, and so forth in the development and manufacture of a product. Within PDM, Enterprise resource planning (ERP) is a system that specifically focuses on the ordering of material and planning for the materials used for manufacture of a pr oduct. 14. What is the difference between conventions and standards?Conventions commonly are accepted practices, rules, or methods. In technical drawing, an example of a convention is the use of dashed lines or hidden features, on a multiview drawing to designate a feature hidden from the current viewpoint. Standards are sets of rules (formal; ANSI or ISO) that govern how technical drawings are represented. 15. Describe two reverse engineering techniques. One of the reverse engineering techniques are the using of coordinate measuring machine (CMM) that can measure objects accurately and then inputs the 3-D data into a CAD system and modified it.Another one is called scanning by using laser or specialized photographic equipment to make critical measurement from existing parts. 16. Describe two different rapid prototyping technologies. One of the rapid prototyping technologies are Stereolithography (SLA) which using a laser focused beam to harden a light-sensitive polymer. Another one is Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) which using a molten plastic to deposit a series of very thin layers to build and create a part. 17.Explain why an enterprise might want to store data in an off-site data warehouse. Then reason of an enterprise want to store data in an off-site data warehouse is protect against fire or other castasthophies at the companies engineering center. 18. Describe two different VR display techniques. Two different VR display are the using of head-mounted display (HMD) that only for individual users and multiple projection systems called computer augementedd virtual environments (CAVEs) for multiple users in a larger physical space. Computer Drawing Chapter 1 1. Explain the difference between engineers and technologists. Engineers are problem solvers. They are creative to use technical means to solve problems. They design products, systems, devices, and structures to improve our living conditions. They work with engineers and are concerned with the practical aspects of engineering in planning and production. 2. How can visualizing help an engineer in the design process? Visualization can help an engineer to mentally picture things that do not exist.Besides, engineers with good visualization ability are able to picture things in their minds. Furthermore, good visualization skills allow them to control mental image, allowing them to move around the image, change the form, look inside, and picture the inside of the mental image of the design problem. 3. What are the three main areas or phases of the model-centered design process? Do the activities in these areas happen in a sequential fashion? The three main areas of phases of the model-centered design process are ideation, refinement, and implementation.Windows 7 Check Your UnderstandingModel-centered engineering design is a nonlinear team approach to design that brings together the input, processes, and output elements necessary to produce a product. 4. Explain how PLM is used in the design process. What is its relationship to CIC? Product Life Cycle Management (PLM) is an organizational model that involves all the company’s department, including the engineering design process, in the design and manufacture of a product. In addition to CAD software, specialized software products and technologies are used in conjunction.PLM is used as a basis for creating the accumulated corporate intellectual capital (CIC) of a company or organization. 5. Outline the steps of problem identification in the ideation phase. Problem identification is an ideation process which consisting six elements: Problem statement, Research, Data gathering, Objectives, Limitations, a nd Scheduling. 6. What kinds of graphics are used in the ideation phase? The types of graphics used in ideation phase include charts, graphs, ideation sketches and drawings, design drawings, analysis and concept models, and presentation graphics. 7.What is the designer’s notebook? How is it used? A designer’s notebook is similar to a diary and contains many notes and sketches that are organized to show the path of development for a product and process. A well documented notebook contains notes, calculations, signatures, and dates. Keeping good note can make an accurate document for an original design. 8. Outline the main activities in the refinement phase. Refinement is a repetitive (iterative or cyclical) process used to test a preliminary design. Refinement consists of three main areas: modeling, design analysis, and design visualization. . Describe the different kinds of models used in the design process. Modeling is the process of representing abstract ideas, words , and forms, through the orderly use of simplified text and images. Models are classified as either descriptive or predictive. Descriptive model presents abstract ideas, products, or processes in a recognize form. Descriptive models consisting 3-D CAD or physical scale models used simply to visually represent the design. Predictive models can be mathematical or virtual 3-D CAD models that can be used to analyze the motion or physical properties of the design. 0. Describe the different kinds of analysis techniques used in the design process. Types of analysis techniques used in the design process are Property analysis, Mechanism analysis, Functional analysis, Human factors analysis, Aesthetic analysis, Market analysis, and Financial analysis. 11. Outline the three ways the 3-D model database can be used in the implementation phase. Three ways the 3-D model database can be used in the implementation phase are production, marketing and service & documentation.Production is 3-D CAD mode ls which are used to run machine tools and make parts and layout the factory floor. Marketing is 3-D CAD models are used for illustrations, presentation graphics, and advertising. Service & Documentation is 3-D CAD models are used for service manuals, training, and assembly instructions. 12. What kinds of documentation might be produced as part of the design process? Design process documentation 2-D engineering drawings, 3-D design models, presentation drawings and illustrations. 13. Explain the role of PDM in the design process.What is the relationship of ERP to PDM? Product Data Management (PDM) is the name given to specific computer-based tools and used to track CAD or office documents with user-defined data fields, such as revisions, authors, date, and so forth in the development and manufacture of a product. Within PDM, Enterprise resource planning (ERP) is a system that specifically focuses on the ordering of material and planning for the materials used for manufacture of a pr oduct. 14. What is the difference between conventions and standards?Conventions commonly are accepted practices, rules, or methods. In technical drawing, an example of a convention is the use of dashed lines or hidden features, on a multiview drawing to designate a feature hidden from the current viewpoint. Standards are sets of rules (formal; ANSI or ISO) that govern how technical drawings are represented. 15. Describe two reverse engineering techniques. One of the reverse engineering techniques are the using of coordinate measuring machine (CMM) that can measure objects accurately and then inputs the 3-D data into a CAD system and modified it.Another one is called scanning by using laser or specialized photographic equipment to make critical measurement from existing parts. 16. Describe two different rapid prototyping technologies. One of the rapid prototyping technologies are Stereolithography (SLA) which using a laser focused beam to harden a light-sensitive polymer. Another one is Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) which using a molten plastic to deposit a series of very thin layers to build and create a part. 17.Explain why an enterprise might want to store data in an off-site data warehouse. Then reason of an enterprise want to store data in an off-site data warehouse is protect against fire or other castasthophies at the companies engineering center. 18. Describe two different VR display techniques. Two different VR display are the using of head-mounted display (HMD) that only for individual users and multiple projection systems called computer augementedd virtual environments (CAVEs) for multiple users in a larger physical space.

Greece working Conditions Essay

Introduction Business ethics examine the ethical, moral and principle problems that occur in a business environment, and its application applies to all aspects of a business, which include strategy implementation, policy formulation, organizational culture and legal proceedings, just to mention a few. Business decisions are best explained by the use of ethical frameworks, which include; the utilitarian rule, social justice, deontology and ethics of virtues. The task in the presentation is to research working conditions in Greece and then figure out which ethical framework is being used by the leaders of that country in that issue. A careful analysis of the matter indicates that the leaders employ the utilitarian framework, which states that given two or more choices to choose from, a person must choose the one that yields maximum benefits to the largest number of people (Windelband et.al, 1958). In other words, if a given choice is going to benefit a small number of people, it is of great importance. John Stuart Mill modified the law of utilitarianism and came up with a new utilitarian rule which stated that, one determines what is right by contrasting the outcome of all related agents of alternative policy for a particular condition (Quinton, 1973). Issue: Greece Working Conditions To understand the working conditions, data from the Institute of Employment is used. The data was provided by the Social Insurance Foundation and Labor Inspectors in Greece. This institute carried out a research in the year 2003. The objective of the research was to investigate the health and safety legislations in Greece. Questionnaires handed out to 324 people of various specialties. 35.8 percent specified that there were no health and safety provisions in the firm and 48.7% stated that, to their knowledge, there was no physician assigned to the firm. A small percentage acknowledges the being of a health and safety committee in their firm was only 32.4%. In the construction sector, 53.5% had a health and safety provision document while 58.9% in the manufacturing sector had the same. 66.1% of the respondents in the public sector said they lacked such a document (Aizenman, 2012). According to (Bentham 1948),  Ã‚   it is right to exercise what is good for the largest population of people. The study reveals that the greatest number of people in the work environment had the health and safety document.   Companies in Greece seem to value policies that yield the greatest benefit to the greatest number of people. However, James Rachel, critic of the utilitarian rule, would have argued otherwise. In his criticisms, he points out that, everyone is equal and that everybody’s happiness is important (Rachel, 1986). The group of people who lack the document in this case can claim that businesses in Greece did violate the business ethics. This indeed violates utilitarian moral framework. ‘’One issue in particular is already in danger of being subject to all kinds of populist rhetoric rather than objective assessment: free movement of people in general and of workers in particular, in the European Union’’, says President Boroso while addressing the European crisis, which pioneered numerous reforms in Greece labor laws. The reforms led to limited protection of workers in the labor market. This aspect violated business ethics and essential social rights. Law number 3863/2010 introduced fundamental changes in the labor market. The major areas changed included: The period given as a notice to the termination of white-collar workers significantly shortened. The golden handshake for white-collar workers reduced by a half due to the reforms made. Operational costs must be kept between 5% and 10%. The minimum wage rates for workers under the age of 25 years reduced to 84% of the set minimum wage. For underage workers, the minimum wage rate set at 70% of the set minimum wage (Lynn, 2011). According to (Bentham, 1948) these changes cannot yield maximum benefits to the society because they only cater for a few individuals. In fact, are in contrast with the labor minister, Algimanta Pabedinskiene, utterances, and I quote, ‘‘Tackling NEET problems will require a variety of measures facilitating the transition of these young people into the world of employment, or their return to the education system. In applying these measures, a special focus should be placed on vulnerable groups’’. The law set by the government aimed at protecting the community from mass unemployment by making the labor laws weak, but by doing so, individual interests were not considered.   According to (Allison, 1990) a rational individual wants to make more   money from their employment, and the same   individual does not want to work in conditions, which make him/her feel underpaid. This is to say that the government is doing more harm than good by introducing weak labor laws. However, the government encourages underage working, which is a way of depriving minors their rights. This is not in line with the utilitarianism because it violates the ethics (Thilly, 1957). Apart from the labor market reforms, the government instituted in 2010, service cuts in pension and other important reforms in the social security regulations (Pryce 2012). The key points to note are as follows: Zero increase in the current pension over the next 3 years For the uninsured persons over the age of 65, their basic pension criteria underwent reforms. The amount of the pension is set at â‚ ¬360. The national budget will finance the pension from the year 2018. With respect to minimum wages, the reduction of salaries in now fully permitted for all workers who are receiving the minimum wage rate in the country. This is now possible after an agreement in the National General Collective Agreement (NGCA). Signing of the agreement on 15 July 2010 was by the social partners. This agreement validation was to be effected after three years (Feldstein, 2011). Salary cut for employees between 25 years was set between 22% and 32%. The employer can impose this cut without the consent of the employee. These reforms further show how the government violates utilitarian principle. A salary cut without the consent of employees is unethical, and violates utilitarian rule. According to (Goodin, 1995), utilitarianism as a public philosophy has been broken. Goodin explains utilitarianism as a principle which should guide political leaders while making decisions that affect the society at large. He points out that leaders must take into account the impacts of the policies they pass on the entire society, other than focusing on a small group of people. In addition, (Copleston, 1975) states that people’s decisions and rights must be respected whenever the government passes policies that has direct impacts on citizen’s welfare. He further states that failure to exercise this, the government will be infringing citizen’s rights, which is unethical. Conclusion The government and companies in Greece tend to pass laws and policies in line with the utilitarian framework, but there are many instances where the leaders go contrary to the principles of the framework. Using quotes and criticisms of the law and data collected, it is evident that there exists infringement of the utilitarian rule. The Government of Greece ought to use this analysis to rewrite its policies. It is ironical that the government wants zero unemployment while it continues to pass laws and regulations that do not yield greatest benefit to the greatest number of people. The happiness of citizens and their rights must be respected if the government aims at reducing unemployment. References Aizenman, J. (2012). Developing countries’ financial vulnerability to the euro crisis an event study of equity and bond markets. Cambridge, Mass.: National Bureau of Economic Research. Allison, L. (1990). The Utilitarian response: the contemporary viability of utilitarian political philosophy. London: Sage Publications. Copleston, F. C. (1975). A history of philosophy. Westminster, Md.: Newman Bookshop. Feldstein, M. S. (2011). The euro and European economic conditions. Cambridge, Mass.: National Bureau of Economic Research. George, S. K. (2005). The moral philosophy of John Steinbeck. Lanham, Md.: Scarecrow Press.Copy & PasteParenthetical Goodin, R. E. (1995). Utilitarianism as a public philosophy. Cambridge University Press. Havard, W. C. (1959). Henry Sidgwick & later utilitarian political philosophy. Gainesville: University of Florida Press.Copy & Paste Lynn, M. (2011). Bust: Greece, the Euro, and the sovereign debt crisis. Hoboken, N.J.: Bloomberg Press.Copy & PasteParentheticalNardo, D. (2006). Ancient Greece. Detroit: Lucent Books. Pryce, V. (2012). Greekonomics: the Euro crisis and why politicians don’t get it. London: Biteback.Copy & Pastearenthetical Quinton, A. (1973). Utilitarian ethics. New York: St. Martin’s Press. Thilly, F. (1957). A history of philosophy (3d ed.). New York: Holt. Windelband, W., & Tufts, J. H. (1958). A history of philosophy. New York: Harper & Brothers.   

Suleiman the Magnificent, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire

Suleiman the Magnificent, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire Suleiman the Magnificent (November 6, 1494–September 6, 1566) became the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire  in 1520, heralding the Golden Age of the Empires long history before his death. Perhaps best known for his overhaul of the Ottoman government during his reign, Suleiman was known by many names, including The LawGiver. His rich character and even richer contribution to the region and the Empire helped make it a source of great wealth in prosperity for years to come, ultimately leading to the foundation of several nations in Europe and the Middle East we know today. Fast Facts: Suleiman the Magnificent Known For: Sultan of the Ottoman EmpireAlso Known As: Kanunà ® Sultan Sà ¼leyman, Sultan Sà ¼leyman Han bin Selim Han, The Law Giver, Suleiman the FirstBorn: November 6, 1494 in Trabzon,  Ottoman EmpireParents: Selim I, Hafsa SultanDied: September 6, 1566 in Szigetvr,  Kingdom of Hungary,  Habsburg MonarchyEducation: TopkapÄ ± Palace  in  ConstantinopleSpouse(s): Mahidevran Hatun (consort), Hà ¼rrem Sultan (consort and, later, wife)Children: Åžehzade Mahmud, Åžehzade Mustafa,  Konya, Sehzade Murad, Åžehzade Mehmed, Åžehzade Abdullah, Sultan Selim II,  Hagia Sophia  Mosque), Åžehzade Bayezid,  Qazvin,  Ã…žehzade Cihangir,  Konya, Mihrimah Sultan,  AyÅŸe Hà ¼maÅŸah Sultan, Sultanzade Mehmed Bey, Sultanzade Osman Bey, Raziye Sultan   Early Life Suleiman was born the only surviving son of Sultan Selim I of the Ottoman Empire and Aishe Hafsa Sultan of the Crimean Khanate.  As a child, he studied at the Topkapi Palace in Istanbul where he learned theology, literature, science, history, and warfare. He also became fluent in six languages there: Ottoman Turkish, Arabic, Serbian, Chagatai Turkish (similar to Uighur), Farsi, and Urdu. Suleiman was fascinated by Alexander the Great  in his youth and would later program military expansion that has been attributed to being inspired in part by Alexanders conquests. As sultan, Suleiman would lead 13 major military expeditions and spend more than 10 years of his 46-year reign out on campaigns. His father ruled quite successfully and left his son in a remarkably secure position with the Janissaries  (members of the Sultans household troops) at the height of their usefulness; the Mamluks  defeated; and the great maritime power of Venice, as well as the Persian Safavid Empire, humbled by the Ottomans. Selim also left his son a powerful navy, a first for a Turkic ruler. Ascent to the Throne Suleimans father entrusted his son with the governorships of different regions within the Ottoman Empire from the age of 17. When Suleiman was 26 in 1520, Selim I died and Suleiman ascended the throne. Although he was of age, his mother served as co-regent. The new sultan immediately launched his program of military conquest and imperial expansion. In 1521, he put down a revolt by the governor of Damascus, Canberdi Gazali. Suleimans father had conquered the area that is now Syria in 1516, using it as a wedge between the Mamluk sultanate and the Safavid Empire, where they had appointed Gazali as the governor. On January 27, 1521, Suleiman defeated Gazali, who died in battle. In July of the same year, the Sultan laid siege to Belgrade, a fortified city on the Danube River. He used both a land-based army and a flotilla of ships to blockade the city and prevent reinforcement. Belgrade, part of modern Serbia, belonged to the Kingdom of Hungary in Suleimans time. The city fell to Suleimans forces on August 29, 1521, removing the last obstacle to an Ottoman advance into Central Europe. Before he launched his major assault on Europe, Suleiman wanted to take care of an annoying gadfly in the Mediterranean- Christian holdovers from the Crusades, the Knights Hospitallers. This group, based on the Island of Rhodes, had been capturing Ottoman and other Muslim nations ships, stealing cargoes of grain and gold, and enslaving the crews. The Knights Hospitallers piracy even imperiled Muslims who set sail to make the haj, the pilgrimage to Mecca that is one of the Five Pillars of Islam. Battling Oppressive Christian Regimes in Rhodes Selim I had tried and failed to dislodge the Knights in 1480. During the intervening decades, the Knights used Muslim slave labor to strengthen and reinforce their fortresses on the island in anticipation of another Ottoman siege. Suleiman sent out that siege in the form of an armada of 400 ships carrying at least 100,000 troops to Rhodes. They landed on June 26, 1522, and laid siege to the bastions full of 60,000 defenders representing various western European countries: England, Spain, Italy, Provence, and Germany. Meanwhile, Suleiman himself led an army of reinforcements on a march to the coast, reaching Rhodes in late July. It took nearly half a year of artillery bombardment and detonating mines under the triple-layer stone walls, but on December 22, 1522, the Turks finally forced all of the Christian knights and the civilian inhabitants of Rhodes to surrender. Suleiman gave the knights 12 days to gather their belongings, including weapons and religious icons, and leave the island on 50 ships provided by the Ottomans, with most of the knights immigrating to Sicily. The local people of Rhodes also received generous terms and had three years to decide whether they wanted to remain on Rhodes under the Ottoman rule or move elsewhere. They would pay no taxes for the first five years, and Suleiman promised that none of their churches would be converted into mosques. Most of them decided to stay when the Ottoman Empire took nearly complete control of the eastern Mediterranean. Into Europes Heartland Suleiman faced several additional crises before he was able to launch his attack into Hungary, but unrest among the Janissaries and a 1523 revolt by the Mamluks in Egypt proved to be only temporary distractions. In April 1526, Suleiman began the march to the Danube. On August 29, 1526, Suleiman defeated King Louis II of Hungary in the Battle of Mohacs and supported the nobleman John Zapolya as the next king of Hungary. But the Hapsburgs in Austria put forward one of their princes, Louis IIs brother-in-law Ferdinand. The Hapsburgs marched into Hungary and took Buda, placing Ferdinand on the throne and sparking a decades-long feud with Suleiman and the Ottoman Empire. In 1529, Suleiman marched on Hungary once more, taking Buda from the Hapsburgs and then continuing to besiege the Hapsburg capital at Vienna. Suleimans army of perhaps 120,000 reached Vienna in late September, without most of their heavy artillery and siege machines. On October 11 and 12 of that year, they attempted another siege against 16,000 Viennese defenders, but Vienna managed to hold them off once more and the Turkish forces withdrew. The Ottoman sultan did not give up on the idea of taking Vienna, but his second attempt in 1532 was similarly hampered by rain and mud and the army never even reached the Hapsburg capital. In 1541, the two empires went to war again when the Hapsburgs laid siege to Buda, trying to remove Suleimans ally from the Hungarian throne. The Hungarians and Ottomans defeated the Austrians, and captured additional Hapsburg holdings in 1541 and again in 1544. Ferdinand was forced to renounce his claim to be king of Hungary and had to pay tribute to Suleiman, but even as all of these events happened to the north and west of Turkey, Suleiman also had to keep an eye on his eastern border with Persia. War With the Safavids The Safavid Persian Empire that ruled much of southwestern Asia  was one of the Ottomans great rivals and a fellow gunpowder empire. Its ruler, Shah Tahmasp, sought to extend Persian influence by assassinating the Ottoman governor of Baghdad and replacing him with a Persian puppet, and by convincing the governor of Bitlis in eastern Turkey to swear allegiance to the Safavid throne. Suleiman, busy in Hungary and Austria, sent his grand vizier with a second army to retake Bitlis in 1533, which also seized Tabriz, in present-day northeastern Iran, from the Persians. Suleiman himself returned from his second invasion of Austria and marched into Persia in 1534, but the Shah refused to meet the Ottomans in open battle, withdrawing into the Persian desert and using guerrilla hits against the Turks instead. Suleiman retook Baghdad and was reconfirmed as the true caliph of the Islamic world. From 1548 to 1549, Suleiman decided to overthrow his Persian gadfly for good and launched a second invasion of the Safavid Empire. Once more, Tahmasp refused to participate in a pitched battle, this time leading the Ottoman army up into the snowy, rugged terrain of the Caucasus Mountains. The Ottoman sultan gained territory in Georgia and the Kurdish borderlands between Turkey and Persia but was unable to come to grips with the Shah. The third and final confrontation between Suleiman and Tahmasp took place from 1553 to 1554. As always, the Shah avoided open battle, but Suleiman marched into the Persian heartland and laid it to waste. Shah Tahmasp finally agreed to sign a treaty with the Ottoman sultan, in which he got control of Tabriz in exchange for promising to cease border raids on Turkey and to permanently relinquish his claims to Baghdad and the rest of Mesopotamia. Maritime Expansion Descendants of Central Asian nomads, the Ottoman Turks were not historically a naval power. Nonetheless, Suleimans father established an Ottoman seafaring legacy in the Mediterranean Sea, the Red Sea, and even the Indian Ocean beginning in 1518. During Suleimans reign, Ottoman ships traveled to Mughal Indias trading ports, and the sultan exchanged letters with the Mughal Emperor Akbar the Great. The sultans Mediterranean fleet patrolled the sea under the command of the famous Admiral Heyreddin Pasha, known in the west as Barbarossa. Suleimans navy also managed to drive troublesome newcomers to the Indian Ocean system, the Portuguese, out of a key base at Aden on the coast of Yemen in 1538. However, the Turks were unable to dislodge the Portuguese from their toeholds along the west coasts of India and Pakistan. Suleiman the Lawgiver Suleiman the Magnificent is remembered in Turkey as Kanuni, the LawGiver. He completely overhauled the formerly piecemeal Ottoman legal system, and one of his first acts was to lift the embargo on trade with the Safavid Empire, which hurt Turkish traders at least as much as it did Persian ones. He decreed that all Ottoman soldiers would pay for any food or other property they took as provisions while on a campaign, even while in enemy territory. Suleiman also reformed the tax system, dropping extra taxes imposed by his father and establishing a transparent tax rate system that varied according to peoples income. Hiring and firing within the bureaucracy would be based on merit, rather than on the whims of higher officials or family connections. All Ottoman citizens, even the highest, were subject to the law. Suleimans reforms gave the Ottoman Empire a recognizably modern administration and legal system more than 450 years ago. He instituted protections for Christian and Jewish citizens of the Ottoman Empire, denouncing blood libels against the Jews in 1553 and freeing Christian farm laborers from serfdom. Succession Suleiman the Magnificent had two official wives and an unknown number of additional concubines, so he bore many offspring. His first wife, Mahidevran Sultan, bore him his eldest son, an intelligent and talented boy named Mustafa. His second wife, a former Ukrainian concubine named Hurrem Sultan, was the love of Suleimans life and gave him seven sons. Hurrem Sultan knew that according to the rules of the harem,​ if Mustafa became sultan he would have all of her sons killed to prevent them from trying to overthrow him. She started a rumor that Mustafa was interested in ousting his father from the throne, so in 1553 Suleiman summoned his eldest son to his tent in an army camp and had the 38-year-old strangled to death. This left the path clear for Hurrem Sultans first son Selim to come to the throne. Unfortunately, Selim had none of the good qualities of his half-brother and is remembered in history as Selim the Drunkard. Death In 1566, the 71-year-old Suleiman the Magnificent led his army on a final expedition against the Hapsburgs in Hungary. The Ottomans won the Battle of Szigetvar on September 8, 1566, but Suleiman died of a heart attack the previous day. His officials did not want word of his death to distract and discomfit his troops, so they kept it a secret for a month and a half while the Turkish troops finalized their control of the area. Suleimans body was prepared for transport back to Constantinople. To keep it from putrefying, the heart and other organs were removed and buried in Hungary. Today, a Christian church and a fruit orchard stand in the area where Suleiman the Magnificent, greatest of the Ottoman sultans, left his heart on the battlefield. Legacy Suleiman the Magnificent vastly expanded the size and significance of the Ottoman Empire and launched a Golden Age in Ottoman arts. Achievements in the areas of literature, philosophy, art, and architecture had a major impact on both Eastern and Western styles. Some of the buildings constructed during his empire still stand today, including edifices designed by Mimar Sinan. Sources Clot, Andrà ©Ã‚  (1992).  Suleiman the Magnificent: The Man, His Life, His Epoch. London: Saqi Books.  ISBN  978-0-86356-126-9.The Sultans. TheOttomans.org.Parry, V.J. â€Å"Sà ¼leyman the Magnificent.†Ã‚  Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica, 23 Nov. 2018.

Verb Mood and Voice in Spanish

Verb Mood and Voice in Spanish When we think about the properties that verbs might have, chances are that the first property that comes to mind is its tense: Does it refer to actions in the past, present or future? But verbs also have two other grammatical properties that are important to understanding how they are used: their mood and their voice. The mood of a verb (sometimes called the mode of a verb) is a property that relates to how the person using the verb feels about its factuality or likelihood; the distinction is made much more often in Spanish than it is in English. The voice of a verb has more to do with the grammatical structure of the sentence in which it is used in and refers to the connection between a verb and its subject or object. The three moods: Both English and Spanish have three verb moods: The indicative mood is the normal verb form used in everyday statements. In a sentence such as I see the dog (Veo el perro), the verb is in the indicative mood.The subjunctive mood is used in many statements that are contrary to fact, are hoped for or are in doubt. This mood is by far more common in Spanish, since it has mostly disappeared in English. An example of the subjunctive in English is the verb in the phrase if I were rich (si fuera rico in Spanish), which refers to a contrary-to-fact condition. The subjunctive is also used in a sentence such as I request that my pseudonym be published (pido que se publique mi seudà ³nimo), which indicates a type of desire.The imperative mood is used to give direct commands. The short sentence Leave! ( ¡Sal tà º!) is in the imperative mood. More about the subjunctive mood: Because it is so frequently necessary in Spanish yet unfamiliar to English speakers, the subjunctive mood is an endless source of confusion for many Spanish students. Here are some lessons that will guide you through its usage: Introduction to the subjunctive mood: This lesson gives examples of when the subjunctive mood is used and compares them with sentences in the indicative mood. In the mood: A more detailed list of examples where the subjunctive mood is used. Tenses of the subjunctive mood: Tenses in the subjunctive mood are seldom intuitive. Conjugation of the subjunctive mood. Future subjunctive: The future subjunctive is very rare in Spanish and is archaic in most uses, but it does exist. Subordinate conjunctions: Verbs in dependent clauses are often in the subjunctive mood. Translating might: Sentences translating the English auxiliary verb might often use a clause in the subjunctive mood. I dont believe ...: The negative form of the verb creer (to believe) is typically followed by a verb in the subjunctive mood. Ways of making requests: The imperative and subjunctive moods arent as distinct in Spanish as they are in English, and the subjunctive is often used to make requests. Sentence structure a nd the subjunctive: Although the subjunctive usually isnt used to refer to actual, real events, it can be when the structure of the sentence so requires. Statements of necessity: Verb phrases such as es necesario que (it is necessary that) are generally followed by a verb in the subjunctive mood. Statements of fear: These are sometimes followed by a verb in the subjunctive mood. Use with opinar: Although the subjunctive mood is usually used in giving opinions, it usually isnt used with opinar. More about the imperative mood: The imperative mood is used for making direct commands or requests, but it is far from the only way to ask that someone do something. These lessons look at the different ways of making requests: Direct commands. Making requests without using the imperative mood. Making polite requests. Active and passive voice: The voice of a verb depends primarily on the structure of a sentence. Verbs used in a normal fashion, in which the subject of the sentence is performing the action of the verb, are in the active voice. An example of a sentence in the active voice is Sandi bought a car (Sandi comprà ³ un coche). When the passive voice is used, the subject of the sentence is acted on by the verb; the person or thing performing the action of the verb isnt always specified. An example of a sentence in the passive voice is The car was bought by Sandi (El coche fue comprado por Sandi). In both languages, a past participle (bought and comprado) is used to form the passive voice. It is important to note that, while common in English, the passive voice isnt used as much in Spanish. A common reason for using the passive voice is to avoid stating who or what is performing the action of a verb. In Spanish, that same goal can be accomplished by using verbs reflexively.

Technological and cultural determinism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Technological and cultural determinism - Essay Example 2. Apply these theories to recent discourse about new forms of television, whether high definition TV, 3-D TV, online TV, etc. The discourse may come from a website, an advertisement, a TV program, a newspaper/magazine article, a blog, etc.   Just like other deterministic theories, technological determinism, and cultural determinisms seeks out to explain the historical and social phenomena in terms of one determining factor. It is considered to be a doctrine of casual or historical primacy. In other words, technological determinism is used to describe ways in which technology has influenced the evolution of human. Technology such as television online TV, advertisement among other technologies have played a significant role in creating new spaces for human to inhibit on a physical or a mental basis (Winston 789). Therefore, humans have adapted to these new spaces in that the patterns of their discernment are progressively altered without any resistance. Since technological determinism is merely putting the idea that technology is critical to people’s lives, there are various aspects of discourse that may invoke technological determinism. Social construction is a very critical aspect in invoking technological determinism. Social construction is considered to be a technological determinism since it is capable of explaining a great part of various technologies including Television, Computers, and Photography among others. 4. Identify either a law of supervening social necessity OR a law of suppression of radical potential (these are likely, not fore-grounded in the example; they require an analysis of the broader cultural determinisms for the emergence of this technology).   The law of suppression of radical potential is among the first ideas that are discussed in Winston book. This law relates to misunderstanding of media. The laws state that, when a